IELTS Handbook 11 - Test 1 - Khóa học sinh viên Drive

SECTION 1

Questions

1 – 10

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HIRING A PUBLIC ROOM Example ● the Main Hall – seats ……….200………. Room and cost ● the 1

Room – seats 100 ● Cost of Main Hall for Saturday evening: £ 2

+ £250 deposit 3(

payment is required) ● Cost includes use of tables and chairs and also 4

. ● Additional charge for use of the kitchen: £25 Before the event ● Will need a 5

. licence ● Need to contact caretaker (Mr Evans) in advance to arrange 6

. During the event ● The building is no smoking ● The bank should use the 7

door at the back ● Don’t touch the system that controls the volume ● For microphones, contact the caretaker After the event ● Need to know the 8

. for the cleaning cupboard ● The 9

must be washed and rubbish placed in black bags ● All 10

Must be taken down ● Chairs and tables must be piled up

SECTION 2

Questions

11 – 14

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD for each answer.

Fiddy Working Heritage Farm Advice about visiting the farm Visitors should ● take care not to harm any 11

● not touch any 12

. ● wear 13

● not bring 14

. into the farm, with certain exceptions.

Questions

15 – 20

Label the map below.

Scarecrow: 15

Maze: 16

Café: 17

Black Barn: 18

Covered picnic area: 19

Fiddy House: 20

SECTION 3

Questions

21 – 30

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21
The students in Akira Miyake’s study were all majoring in
A
physics
B
psychology or physics.
C
science, technology, engineering or mathematics.

22
The aim of Miyake’s study was to investigate
A
what kind of women choose to study physics.
B
a way of improving women’s performance in physics.
C
whether fewer women than men study physics at college.

23
The female physics students were wrong to believe that
A
the teachers marked them in an unfair way.
B
the male students expected them to do badly.
C
their test results were lower than the male students’.

24
Miyake’s team asked the students to write about
A
what they enjoyed about studying physics.
B
the successful experiences of other people.
C
something that was important to them personally.

25
What was the aim of the writing exercise done by the subjects?
A
to reduce stress
B
to strengthen verbal ability
C
to encourage logical thinking

26
What surprised the researchers about the study?
A
how few students managed to get A grades
B
the positive impact it had on physics results for women
C
the difference between male and female performance

27
Greg and Lisa think Miyake’s results could have been affected by
A
the length of the writing task.
B
the number of students who took part.
C
the information the students were given.

28
Greg and Lisa decide that in their own project, they will compare the effects of
A
two different writing tasks.
B
a writing task with an oral task.
C
two different oral tasks.

29
The main finding of Smolinsky’s research was that class teamwork activities
A
were most effective when done by all-women groups.
B
had no effect on the performance of men or women.
C
improved the results of men more than of women.

30
What will Lisa and Greg do next?
A
talk to a professor
B
observe a science class
C
look at the science timetable

SECTION 4

Questions

31 – 40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Ocean Biodiversity Biodiversity hotspots ● areas containing many different species ● important for locating targets for 31

● at first only identified on land Boris Worm, 2005 ● identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks ● found the ocean hotspots: – were not always rich in 32

– had higher temperatures at the 33

– had sufficient 34

in the water Lisa Ballance, 2007 ● looked for hotspots for marine 35

● found these were all located where ocean currents meet Census of Marine Life ● found new ocean species living: – under the 36

– near volcanoes on the ocean floor Global Marine Species Assessment ● want to list endangered ocean species, considering: – population size – geographical distribution – rate of 37

● Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 38

for each one Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity ● increase the number of ocean reserves ● establish 39

corridors (e.g. for turtles) ● reduce fishing quotas ● catch fish only for the purpose of 40

SECTION 1

Questions

1 – 10

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HIRING A PUBLIC ROOM Example ● the Main Hall – seats ……….200………. Room and cost ● the 1

Room – seats 100 ● Cost of Main Hall for Saturday evening: £ 2

+ £250 deposit 3(

payment is required) ● Cost includes use of tables and chairs and also 4

. ● Additional charge for use of the kitchen: £25 Before the event ● Will need a 5

. licence ● Need to contact caretaker (Mr Evans) in advance to arrange 6

. During the event ● The building is no smoking ● The bank should use the 7

door at the back ● Don’t touch the system that controls the volume ● For microphones, contact the caretaker After the event ● Need to know the 8

. for the cleaning cupboard ● The 9

must be washed and rubbish placed in black bags ● All 10

Must be taken down ● Chairs and tables must be piled up

Giải thích đáp án

OFFICIAL: Hello?

WOMAN: Oh, hello. I wanted to enquire about hiring a room in the Village Hall, for the evening of September the first.

OFFICIAL: Let me just see … Yes, we have both rooms available that evening. There’s our Main Hall – that’s got seating for (Example) 200 people. Or there’s the Charlton Room …

WOMAN: Sorry?

OFFICIAL: The Charlton Room – (Q1) C-H-A-R-L-T-O-N. That’s got seating for up to one hundred.

WOMAN: Well, we’re organizing a dinner to raise money for a charity, and we’re hoping for at least 150 people, so I think we’ll go for the Main Hall. How much would that cost?

OFFICIAL: Let’s see. You wanted it for the evening of September 1st?

WOMAN: Yes, that’s a Saturday.

OFFICIAL: So from six pm to midnight that’d be (Q2) £115 – that’s the weekend price, it’s £75 on weekdays.

WOMAN: That’s all right.

OFFICIAL: And I have to tell you there’s also a deposit of £250, which is returnable of course as long as there’s no damage. But we do insist that this is (Q3) paid in cash (trả bằng tiền mặt), we don’t take cards for that. You can pay the actual rent of the room however you like though – cash, credit card, cheque …

WOMAN: Oh, well I suppose that’s OK. So does the charge (=cost) include use of tables and chairs and so on?

OFFICIAL: Oh, yes.

WOMAN: (Q4) And what about parking? (Còn chỗ đỗ xe thì sao?)

OFFICIAL: Yeah, that’s all included. (Đúng rồi, tất cả đã được bao gồm trong đó) The only thing that isn’t included is … you said you were organizing a dinner?

WOMAN: Yeah.

OFFICIAL: Well, you’ll have to pay extra for the kitchen if you want to use that. It’s £25. It’s got very good facilities – good quality cookers and fridges and so on.

WOMAN: OK, well I suppose that’s all right. We can cover the cost in our entry charges.

OFFICIAL: Right. So I’ll make a note of that. Now there are just one or two things you need to think about before the event. For example, (Q5) you’ll have to see about getting a licence if you’re planning to have any music during the meal. (bạn sẽ phải xem xét việc xin giấy phép nếu bạn dự định mở nhạc trong bữa ăn của mình)

WOMAN: Oh, really?

OFFICIAL: It’s quite straightforward, I’ll give you the details later on. And about a week or ten days before your event you’ll need to contact the caretaker, that’s Mr Evans, (Q6) to make the arrangements for entry (để sắp xếp việc đón tiếp) – he’ll sort that out with you.

WOMAN: And do I give him the payment as well?

OFFICIAL: No, you do that directly with me.

WOMAN: Right. Now is there anything I need to know about what happens during the event?

OFFICIAL: Well, as you’ll be aware, of course the building is no smoking throughout.

WOMAN: Of course.

OFFICIAL: Now, are you having a band?

WOMAN: Yes.

OFFICIAL: Well, they’ll have a lot of equipment, so rather than using the front door they should (Q7) park their van round the back and use the stage door there (họ đỗ xe ở phía sau và sử dụng cửa sân khấu ở đó). You can open that from inside but don’t forget to lock it at the end.

WOMAN: OK.

OFFICIAL: And talking of bands, I’m sure I don’t need to tell you this, but you must make sure that no one fiddles about with the black box by the fire door – that’s a system that cuts in when the volume reaches a certain level. It’s a legal requirement.

WOMAN: Sure. Anyway, we want people to be able to talk to one another so we don’t want anything too loud. Oh, that reminds me, we’ll be having speeches – are there any microphones available?

OFFICIAL: Yeah. Just let the caretaker know, he’ll get those for you. Right, now when the event is over we do ask that the premises are left in good condition. So (Q8) there’s a locked cupboard and you’ll be informed of the code you need to open that. (có một chiếc tủ bị khóa và bạn sẽ được thông báo về mã số để mở) It’s got all the cleaning equipment, brushes and detergent and so on.

WOMAN: Right. So what do we need to do after everyone’s gone? Sweep the floors I suppose? (Tôi nghĩ là quét sàn?)

OFFICIAL: (Q9) Well, actually they have to be washed, not just swept. (Thực ra bạn cần lau sàn chứ không chỉ đơn thuần là quét) Then you’ll be provided with black plastic bags, so all the rubbish must be collected up and left outside the door.

WOMAN: Of course. We’ll make sure everything’s left tidy. Oh, and I forgot to ask, I presume we can have decorations in the room? (Tôi nghĩ là chúng ta có thể trang trí phòng?)

OFFICIAL: (Q10) Yes, but you must take them down afterwards. (Được, nhưng sau đó bạn phải gỡ chúng xuống)

WOMAN: Sure.

OFFICIAL: And the chairs and tables should be stacked up neatly at the back of the room

WOMAN: I’ll make sure I’ve got a few people to help me.

SECTION 2

Questions

11 – 14

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD for each answer.

Fiddy Working Heritage Farm Advice about visiting the farm Visitors should ● take care not to harm any 11

● not touch any 12

. ● wear 13

● not bring 14

. into the farm, with certain exceptions.

Giải thích đáp án

Welcome to the Fiddy Working Heritage Farm. This open-air museum gives you the experience of agriculture and rural life in the English countryside at the end of the nineteenth century. So you’ll see a typical farm of that period, and like me, all the staff are dressed in clothes of that time.

I must give you some advice and safety tips before we go any further. As it’s a working farm, please (Q11) don’t frighten or injure (= harm) the animals (đừng làm động vật hoảng sợ hay bị thương). We have a lot here, and many of them are breeds that are now quite rare.

(Q12) And do stay at a safe distance from the tools: some of them have sharp points which can be pretty dangerous, so please don’t touch them. (Và giữ khoảng cách an toàn đối với các công cụ: một vài vật có đầu nhọn khá nguy hiểm, vì vậy đừng động vào chúng). We don’t want any accidents, do we?

The ground is very uneven, and you might slip if you’re wearing sandals so (Q13) I’m glad to see you’re all wearing shoes – we always advise people to do that. (tôi rất vui khi thấy tất cả mọi người đều đi giày – chúng tôi luôn khuyên mọi người làm như vậy)

Now, children of all ages are very welcome here, and usually even very young children love the ducks and lambs, so do bring them along next time you come.

(Q14) I don’t think any of you have brought dogs with you, but in case you have, I’m afraid they’ll have to stay in the car park unless they’re guide dogs. (Tôi không nghĩ rằng các bạn đã mang chó theo, nhưng trong trường hợp các bạn có mang thì tôi e rằng bạn phải để chúng ở bãi đỗ xe nếu chúng không phải chó dẫn đường). I’m sure you’ll understand that they could cause a lot of problems on a farm.

Questions

15 – 20

Label the map below.

Scarecrow: 15

Maze: 16

Café: 17

Black Barn: 18

Covered picnic area: 19

Fiddy House: 20

Giải thích đáp án

Now let me give you some idea of the layout of the farm. The building where you bought your tickets is the New Barn, immediately to your right, and we’re now at the beginning of the main path to the farmland – and of course the car park is on your left. (Q15) The scarecrow you can see in the car park in the corner, beside the main path (Bạn có thể nhìn thấy bù nhìn ở góc bãi đỗ xe, bên cạnh lối đi chính), is a traditional figure for keeping the birds away from crops, but our scarecrow is a permanent sculpture. It’s taller than a human being, so you can see it from quite a distance.

(Q16) If you look ahead of you, you’ll see a maze. It’s opposite the New Barn, beside the side path that branches off to the right just over there (Nhìn về phía trước, bạn sẽ thấy một mê cung. Nó nằm đối diện với New Barn, bên cạnh con đường phụ rẽ phải ngay đằng kia). The maze is made out of hedges which are too tall for young children to see over them, but it’s quite small, so you can’t get lost in it!

Now, can you see the bridge crossing the fish pool further up the main path? (Q17) If you want to go to the café, go towards the bridge and turn right just before it. Walk along the side path and the café’s on the first bend you come to (Nếu bạn muốn đến quán cà phê, hãy đi về phía cây cầu và rẽ phải ngay trước cầu. Đi dọc theo con đường phụ và quán cà phê sẽ ở khúc cua đầu tiên bạn rẽ vào). The building was originally the schoolhouse, and it’s well over a hundred years old.

As you may know, we run skills workshops here, where you can learn traditional crafts like woodwork and basket-making. You can see examples of the work, and talk to someone about the courses, in the Black Barn. (Q18) If you take the side path to the right, here, just by the New Barn, you’ll come to the Black Barn just where the path first bends. (Nếu bạn rẽ phải vào đường phụ tại đây, thì ngay cạnh New Barn, bạn sẽ đến Black Barn ở khúc cua đầu tiên) Now I mustn’t forget to tell you about picnicking, as I can see some of you have brought your lunch with you. You can picnic in the field, though do clear up behind you, of course. (Q19) Or if you’d prefer a covered picnic area, there’s one near the farmyard: just after you cross the bridge, there’s a covered picnic spot on the right. (Hay nếu bạn muốn một khu dã ngoại có mái che, thì có một chỗ gần trang trại: ngay sau khi đi qua cầu, có một điểm dã ngoại có mái che ở bên phải)

And the last thing to mention is (Q20) Fiddy House itself. From here you can cross the bridge then walk along the footpath through the field to the left of the farmyard. That goes to the house (Nhà Fiddy. Từ đây bạn có thể băng qua cây cầu sau đó dọc theo lối đi bộ qua cánh đồng đến phía bên trái của trang trại. Nó sẽ dẫn đến ngôi nhà đó), and it’ll give you a lovely view of it. It’s certainly worth a few photographs, but as it’s a private home, I’m afraid you can’t go inside.

Right. Well, if you’re all ready, we’ll set off on our tour of the farm.

SECTION 3

Questions

21 – 30

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21
The students in Akira Miyake’s study were all majoring in
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
physics
B
psychology or physics.
C
science, technology, engineering or mathematics.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
21. The students in Akira Miyake’s study were all majoring in A. physics. B. psychology or physics. C. science, technology, engineering or mathematics.	They weren’t actually majoring in physics – they were majoring in what’s known as the STEM disciplines. That’s science, technology, engineering and … (họ đang học chuyên ngành được gọi là các ngành STEM. Đó là khoa học, công nghệ, kỹ thuật và…)
DỊCH NGHĨA
21. Các sinh viên trong nghiên cứu của Akira Miyake đều học chuyên ngành A. vật lý. B. tâm lý học hoặc vật lý học. C. khoa học, công nghệ, kỹ thuật hoặc toán học.

22
The aim of Miyake’s study was to investigate
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
what kind of women choose to study physics.
B
a way of improving women’s performance in physics.
C
whether fewer women than men study physics at college.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
22. The aim of Miyake’s study was to investigate A. what kind of women choose to study physics. B. a way of improving women’s performance in physics. C. whether fewer women than men study physics at college.	But what the researchers wanted to find out was basically what they could do about the relatively low level of the women’s results. (Nhưng những gì các nhà nghiên cứu muốn tìm hiểu về cơ bản là những gì họ có thể làm với kết quả học tập tương đối thấp của các nữ sinh.) But in order to find a solution they needed to find out more about the nature of the problem.
DỊCH NGHĨA
22. Mục đích nghiên cứu của Miyake là để khảo sát A. kiểu nữ sinh nào thì chọn học vật lý. B. cách để cải thiện kết quả học tập của nữ sinh trong môn vật lý. C. liệu có ít số lượng nữ sinh học vật lý ở trường đại học hơn nam sinh hay không

23
The female physics students were wrong to believe that
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
the teachers marked them in an unfair way.
B
the male students expected them to do badly.
C
their test results were lower than the male students’.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
23. The female physics students were wrong to believe that A. the teachers marked them in an unfair way. B. the male students expected them to do badly. C. their test results were lower than the male students’.	LISA: Right – now let’s see if I can remember … it was that in the physics class, the female students thought the male students all assumed that women weren’t any good at physics … was that it? And they thought that the men expected them to get poor results in their tests. (nữ sinh nghĩ tất cả nam sinh đều cho rằng họ không giỏi vật lý chút nào cả… có đúng như vậy không? Và họ nghĩ nam sinh luôn mong đợi việc họ đạt được kết quả kém trong các bài kiểm tra) GREG: That’s what the women thought, and that made them nervous, so they did get poor results. But actually they were wrong … No one was making any assumption about the female students at all. (Nhưng thực ra họ đã nhầm… Không ai đưa ra bất kỳ giả định nào về các nữ sinh cả.)
DỊCH NGHĨA
23. Các nữ sinh chuyên ngành vật lý đã sai khi tin rằng A. các giáo viên đã chấm điểm họ một cách không công bằng. B. các nam sinh trông chờ việc họ làm không tốt C. kết quả kiểm tra của họ thấp hơn của các nam sinh

24
Miyake’s team asked the students to write about
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
what they enjoyed about studying physics.
B
the successful experiences of other people.
C
something that was important to them personally.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
24. Miyake’s team asked the students to write about A. what they enjoyed about studying physics. B. the successful experiences of other people. C. something that was important to them personally.	Values-affirmation – they had to write an essay focusing on things that were significant to them, not particularly to do with the subject they were studying, but more general things like music or people who mattered to them. (họ phải viết một bài luận tập trung vào những điều quan trọng đối với họ, không phải liên quan đến chủ đề họ đang học, mà là những thứ chung chung hơn như âm nhạc hoặc những người quan trọng đối với họ.)
DỊCH NGHĨA
24. Nhóm của Miyake đã yêu cầu các học sinh viết về A. điều họ thích thú khi học vật lý. B. những kinh nghiệm thành công của người khác. C. cái gì đó quan trọng đối với cá nhân họ.

25
What was the aim of the writing exercise done by the subjects?
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
to reduce stress
B
to strengthen verbal ability
C
to encourage logical thinking

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
25. What was the aim of the writing exercise done by the subjects? A. to reduce stress B. to strengthen verbal ability C. to encourage logical thinking	And putting these thoughts into words can relax them and help them overcome the psychological factors that lead to poor performance. (đưa những suy nghĩ này thành lời có thể giúp họ thư giãn và vượt qua các yếu tố tâm lý dẫn đến kết quả kém.)
DỊCH NGHĨA
25. Mục đích của bài viết luận mà các đối tượng phải làm là gì? A. để giảm căng thẳng B. để tăng cường khả năng nói C. để khuyến khích tư duy logic

26
What surprised the researchers about the study?
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
how few students managed to get A grades
B
the positive impact it had on physics results for women
C
the difference between male and female performance

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
26. What surprised the researchers about the study? A. how few students managed to get A grades B. the positive impact it had on physics results for women C. the difference between male and female performance	But what the researchers in the study hadn’t expected was that this one activity raised the women’s physics grades from the C to the B range. (Nhưng điều mà các nhà nghiên cứu không ngờ tới là hoạt động này đã giúp nâng điểm vật lý của nữ sinh từ mức C lên mức B.)
DỊCH NGHĨA
26. Điều gì khiến các nhà nghiên cứu ngạc nhiên về nghiên cứu này? A. sao mà ít học sinh đạt được điểm A đến thế B. tác động tích cực của nó đối với kết quả môn vật lý đối với nữ sinh C. sự khác biệt giữa kết quả học tập giữa nam sinh và nữ sinh

27
Greg and Lisa think Miyake’s results could have been affected by
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
the length of the writing task.
B
the number of students who took part.
C
the information the students were given.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
27. Greg and Lisa think Miyake’s results could have been affected by A. the length of the writing task. B. the number of students who took part. C. the information the students were given	Mind you, Miyake’s article left out a lot of details. Like, did the students to the writing just once, or several times? And had they been told why they were doing the writing? That might have affected the results. (Và họ đã được cho biết lý do tại sao họ phải viết hay chưa? Điều đó có thể đã làm thay đổi kết quả)
DỊCH NGHĨA
27. Greg và Lisa nghĩ rằng kết quả của Miyake có thể bị ảnh hưởng bởi A. độ dài của bài viết B. số học sinh đã tham gia C. thông tin mà các sinh viên đã được cung cấp

28
Greg and Lisa decide that in their own project, they will compare the effects of
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
two different writing tasks.
B
a writing task with an oral task.
C
two different oral tasks.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
28. Greg and Lisa decide that in their own project, they will compare the effects of A. two different writing tasks. B. a writing task with an oral task. C. two different oral tasks.	Or even, half do the same writing task as in the original research and half do a factual writing task. (một nửa làm bài viết như trong nghiên cứu ban đầu và một nửa làm bài viết thực tế) Then we’d see if it really is the topic that made the difference, or something else.
DỊCH NGHĨA
28. Greg và Lisa quyết định rằng trong dự án của riêng họ, họ sẽ so sánh những tác động của A. hai bài viết khác nhau. B. một bài viết với một bài nói C. hai bài nói khác nhau.

29
The main finding of Smolinsky’s research was that class teamwork activities
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
were most effective when done by all-women groups.
B
had no effect on the performance of men or women.
C
improved the results of men more than of women.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
29. The main finding of Smolinsky’s research was that class teamwork activities A. were most effective when done by all-women groups. B. had no effect on the performance of men or women. C. improved the results of men more than of women.	That’s what I expected, but actually the men and the women got the same results whether they were working in teams or on their own. (nam sinh và nữ sinh đều cho ra kết quả như nhau dù họ làm việc nhóm hay làm việc cá nhân) But I guess it’s not that relevant to us.
DỊCH NGHĨA
29. Phát hiện chính trong nghiên cứu của Smolinsky là các hoạt động làm việc nhóm trong lớp A. có hiệu quả nhất khi được thực hiện bởi các nhóm nữ sinh. B. không ảnh hưởng đến kết quả học tập của nam sinh và nữ sinh C. cải thiện kết quả của nam sinh nhiều hơn nữ sinh

30
What will Lisa and Greg do next?
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
talk to a professor
B
observe a science class
C
look at the science timetable

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI	TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH
30. What will Lisa and Greg do next? A. talk to a professor B. observe a science class C. look at the science timetable	That shouldn’t be difficult. Right, what do we need to do next? We could have a look at the timetable for the science classes … or perhaps we should just make an appointment to see one of the science professors. That’d be better. (chúng ta chỉ nên hẹn gặp một trong những giáo sư khoa học. Điều đó sẽ tốt hơn)
DỊCH NGHĨA
30. Tiếp theo Lisa và Greg sẽ làm gì? A. thảo luận với một giáo sư B. quan sát một lớp khoa học C. nhìn vào thời khóa biểu môn khoa học

SECTION 4

Questions

31 – 40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Ocean Biodiversity Biodiversity hotspots● areas containing many different species● important for locating targets for 31

● at first only identified on landBoris Worm, 2005● identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks● found the ocean hotspots:– were not always rich in 32

– had higher temperatures at the 33

– had sufficient 34

in the waterLisa Ballance, 2007● looked for hotspots for marine 35

● found these were all located where ocean currents meetCensus of Marine Life● found new ocean species living:– under the 36

– near volcanoes on the ocean floorGlobal Marine Species Assessment● want to list endangered ocean species, considering:– population size– geographical distribution– rate of 37

● Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 38

for each oneRecommendations to retain ocean biodiversity● increase the number of ocean reserves● establish 39

corridors (e.g. for turtles)● reduce fishing quotas● catch fish only for the purpose of 40

Giải thích đáp án

I’ve been looking at ocean biodiversity, that’s the diversity of species that live in the world’s oceans. About 20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called ‘biodiversity hotspots’. These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar. (Q31) These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at (= locating targets for) conservation (Những điểm nóng này đóng vai trò quan trọng, bởi nó giúp chúng ta xác định được những vùng quan trọng cần bảo tồn). Biologists can identify hotspots on land, fairly easily, but until recently, very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.

Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species that he got from the fishing industry. Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like sharks, and looked at what they had in common. (Q32) The main thing he’d expected to find was that they had very high concentrations (= rich in) of food(s), but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots – the remaining hotspots was quite badly off in that regard. (Điều quan trọng nhất mà ông ấy mong muốn tìm thấy đó là những điểm nóng với nguồn thức ăn dồi dào, phong phú, nhưng bất ngờ là nó chỉ đúng với 4 điểm nóng trong đó – những điểm nóng còn lại thì có nguồn thức ăn khá ít ỏi) But what he did find was that in all cases, the (Q33) water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures, even when it was cool at greater depths (nước trên bề mặt đại dương có nhiệt độ tương đối cao, nó vẫn mát ở độ sâu lớn hơn), so this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators. However, this wasn’t enough on its own, (Q34) because he also found that the water needed to have enough (= sufficient) oxygen/O2 in it (bởi vì ông ấy nhận ra rằng nước cũng cần có đủ oxy) – so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.

A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Balance, who was working in California, also (Q35) started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish – what she was interested in was marine mammals, things like seals. (bắt đầu tìm kiếm những điểm nóng đại dương chứ không phải cá – thứ mà cô ấy quan tâm là những động vật có vú ở biển, ví dụ như hải cẩu) And she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots, and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents, and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these species feed on.

So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible. For example, there’s an international project called the Census of Marine Life. They’ve been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic. (Q36) One thing they found there which stunned other researchers was that there were large numbers of species which live below (= under) the ice (Một điều họ tìm ra khiến các nhà nghiên cứu khác bất ngờ, sửng sốt là: có một số lượng loài sinh vật học vô cùng lớn sống dưới lớp băng) – sometimes under a layer up to 20 metres thick. Some of these species had never been seen before. They’ve even found species of octopus living in these conditions. And other scientists working on the same project, but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor, have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes, attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.

However, biologists still don’t know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species. So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land, so they consider things like the size of the population – how many members of one species there are in a particular place – and then they look at their distribution in geographical terms, although this is quite difficult when you’re looking at fish, because they’re so mobile, and then (Q37) thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline/ declining/ decrease of the species is happening. (thứ ba là họ tính toán tỉ lệ suy giảm đang diễn ra của loài)

So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000. (Q38) For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution. (Đối với mỗi loài được thẩm định, họ sẽ sử dụng dữ liệu thu nhập được từ loài đó để tạo nên một bản đồ thể hiện sự phân bố của nó) Ultimately they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located but also where they are most threatened.

So finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world’s oceans? Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected. We have some, but not enough. (Q39) In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles, which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast, we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely. (Hơn nữa, để bảo tồn các loài động vật như rùa da, một loài sinh vật sống ngoài biển khơi nhưng lại làm tổ ở bờ biển châu Mỹ, chúng ta cần tạo những hành lang di cư để chúng có thể di chuyển an toàn từ vùng này qua vùng khác) As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species. And finally, there’s the problem of ‘by-catch’. This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats – they’re returned to the sea, but they’re often dead or dying. (Q40) If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective, so that only the fish wanted for (= fish only for the purpose of) consumption were caught, this problem could be overcome. (Vấn đề sẽ được khắc phục nếu những chiếc tàu đánh cá thương mại này sử dụng thiết bị mang tính chọn lọc hơn, để chỉ bắt cá phục vụ mục đích tiêu thụ)

OK. So does anyone have any …

IELTS Handbook 11 – Test 1