IELTS Handbook 14 - Test 2 - R - Khóa học sinh viên Drive

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)

Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and become a well-known landscape photographer

Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholding in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.

Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.

Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish – Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association’s first meeting, which was held in Notman’s studio on 11 January 1860.

In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson’s early work.

In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.

Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.

In the 1890s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.

In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.

When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.

Questions

1 – 8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1
Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

2
Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

3
Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

4
There were many similarities between Henderson’s early landscapes and those of Notman.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

5
The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

6
Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

7
When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax line had been finished.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

8
Henderson’s last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Questions

9 – 13

Complete the notes below Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Alexander Henderson

Early life • was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a 9

• trained as an accountant, emigrated to Canada in 1855 Start of a photographic career • opened up a photographic studio in 1866 • took photos of city life, but preferred landscape photography • people bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable time and the 10

was heavy • the photographs Henderson sold were 11

or souvenirs Travelling as a professional photographer • travelled widely in Quebec and Ontario in 1870s and 1880s • took many trips along eastern rivers in a 12

• worked for Canadian railways between 1875 and 1897 • worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the 13

and the railway at Rogers Pass

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Back to the future of skyscraper design

Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries

The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.

‘The crisis in building design is already here,’ said Short. ‘Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can’t. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.’

Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed – to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the ‘life support’ system of vast air conditioning units.

Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.

Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.

Short’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

‘We spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final designs,’ says Short. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

—————-
* pathogens: microorganisms that can cause disease

‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.

Today, huge amounts of a building’s space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. ‘But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.

‘To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.’

Successful examples of Short’s approach include the Queen’s Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.

Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago – built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning – which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.

Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.

Questions

14 – 18

Reading Passage 2 has nine section, A-I Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century

Chọn đáp án

a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige

Chọn đáp án

a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modern standards

Chọn đáp án

how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building

Chọn đáp án

an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning

Chọn đáp án

Questions

19 – 20

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.

Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wards

Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 14

of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 15

in the air coming from patients suffering from 16

would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 17

in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 18

areas. A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the 19

for protection against bad air, known as 20

. These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 21

in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Why companies should welcome disorder

Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives – all those inboxes and calendars – or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.

We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and seven our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.

This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.

Ironically, however, the number of business that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.

This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?

This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.

New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it’s the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it’s the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organizational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.

What’s more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.

In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in term of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.

In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).

For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a ‘spaghetti’ structure in order to reduce the organisation’s rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvements in worker productivity in all facets of the business.

In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the ‘boundaryless’ organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.

A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it – nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work.

Questions

27 – 31

Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Match the correct number, i-ix, with boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

Section A

Chọn đáp án

Section B

Chọn đáp án

Section C

Chọn đáp án

Section D

Chọn đáp án

Section E

Chọn đáp án

Section F

Chọn đáp án

Section G

Chọn đáp án

Section H

Chọn đáp án

Questions

32 – 35

Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.

Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not 25

enough. Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as 26

Many people feel 27

with aspects of their work.

Questions

36 – 40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

28
Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

29
Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

30
Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Questions

1 – 8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1
Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 1 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “when he was younger” để tìm được Paragraph 1 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Henderson rarely visited the area around the Press estate when he was younger.	The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Henderson hiếm khi đến thăm khu vực xung quanh khu nhà báo khi còn trẻ.	Cả gia đình thường ở tại Lâu đài Press, lâu đài lớn ở rìa phía bắc của khu nhà, và Alexander đã dành phần lớn thời thơ ấu của mình ở khu vực này, chơi trên bãi biển gần Eyemouth hoặc câu cá ở những con suối gần đó.
Giải thích: Bài khóa nói rằng Alexander đã dành cả tuổi thơ tại lâu đài Press⇒ False

2
Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 2 – TRUE Chú ý tới từ khóa “a business career” để tìm được Paragraph 2 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.	In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Henderson theo đuổi sự nghiệp kinh doanh vì đó là điều gia đình anh muốn.	Năm 1849, ông bắt đầu học việc trong ba năm để trở thành kế toán. Mặc dù ông không bao giờ thích viễn cảnh của một sự nghiệp kinh doanh, ông vẫn ở lại với nó để làm hài lòng gia đình của mình.
Giải thích: Bài khóa nhắc tới việc Alexander học việc theo nguyện vọng gia đình ⇒ TRUE

3
Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 3 – NOT GIVEN Chú ý tới từ khóa “1865” để tìm được Paragraph 3 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.	The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Henderson và Notman đã rất ngạc nhiên trước kết quả của thí nghiệm năm 1865 của họ.	Hai người đã thực hiện một chuyến du ngoạn chụp ảnh đến thác Niagara vào năm 1860 và họ đã hợp tác trong các thí nghiệm với pháo sáng magiê như một nguồn ánh sáng nhân tạo vào năm 1865.
Giải thích: Bài khóa chỉ nhắc tới việc hai người hợp tác chứ không đề cập phản ứng của họ về cuộc thí nghiệm ⇒ NOT GIVEN

4
There were many similarities between Henderson’s early landscapes and those of Notman.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 4 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Henderson’s early landscapes” để tìm được Paragraph 4 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
There were many similarities between Henderson’s early landscapes and those of Notman.	In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Có nhiều điểm tương đồng giữa phong cảnh ban đầu của Henderson và cảnh quan của Notman.	Bất chấp tình bạn của họ, phong cách chụp ảnh của họ khá khác nhau. Trong khi phong cảnh của Notman được chú ý bởi chủ nghĩa hiện thực táo bạo, Henderson trong 20 năm đầu tiên trong sự nghiệp của mình đã tạo ra những hình ảnh lãng mạn, cho thấy ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ của truyền thống phong cảnh Anh.
Giải thích: Bài khóa cho thấy phong cách chụp ảnh của hai người là khác nhau, Notman là táo bạo, Alexander là lãng mạn ⇒ FALSE

5
The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 5 – NOT GIVEN Chú ý tới từ khóa “1966” để tìm được Paragraph 5 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.	In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Xưởng vẽ mà Henderson mở năm 1866 gần nhà của ông.	Năm 1866, ông từ bỏ công việc kinh doanh của mình để mở một studio chụp ảnh, tự quảng cáo mình là một nhiếp ảnh gia chân dung và phong cảnh.
Giải thích: Bài khóa chỉ nhắc tới việc Alexander mở studio chứ không đề cập tới địa chỉ của studio có gần nhà ông hay không ⇒ NOT GIVEN

6
Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 6 – TRUE Chú ý tới từ khóa “gave up portraiture” để tìm được Paragraph 5 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.	From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Henderson đã từ bỏ việc chụp chân dung để có thể tập trung vào việc chụp ảnh phong cảnh.	Từ khoảng năm 1870, ông bỏ nghề chụp chân dung để chuyên chụp ảnh phong cảnh và các góc nhìn khác.
Giải thích: Ông đã từ bỏ chụp chân dung để tập trung chụp cảnh quan ⇒ TRUE

7
When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax line had been finished.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 7 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Intercolonial Railway” để tìm được Paragraph 7 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax line had been finished.	That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Khi Henderson bắt đầu làm việc cho Đường sắt Liên thuộc địa, tuyến Montreal đến Halifax đã hoàn thành.	Cùng năm đó, khi ở vùng hạ lưu sông St Lawrence, ông đã chụp một số bức ảnh về việc xây dựng Đường sắt Liên thuộc địa. Năm 1875, cam kết này dẫn đến một ủy ban từ đường sắt để ghi lại các cấu trúc chính dọc theo tuyến gần như đã hoàn thành nối Montreal với Halifax
Giải thích: Đường sắt nối Montreal với Halifax chỉ gần hoàn thành ⇒ FALSE

8
Henderson’s last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 8- TRUE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Canadian Pacific Railway” để tìm được Paragraph 7 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Henderson’s last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway.	In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction. In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Công việc cuối cùng của Henderson với tư cách là một nhiếp ảnh gia là với Đường sắt Thái Bình Dương của Canada.	Năm 1885, ông đi về phía Tây dọc theo Đường sắt Thái Bình Dương của Canada (CPR) đến đèo Rogers ở British Columbia, nơi ông chụp ảnh những ngọn núi và tiến độ xây dựng. Năm 1892, Henderson chấp nhận một vị trí toàn thời gian với CPR với tư cách là người quản lý một bộ phận nhiếp ảnh mà ông sẽ thành lập và quản lý.
Giải thích: Sau khi chụp, ông trở thành quản lý của studio, không còn là nhiếp ảnh gia ⇒ TRUE

Questions

9 – 13

Complete the notes below Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Alexander Henderson

Early life • was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a 9

was heavy • the photographs Henderson sold were 11

or souvenirs Travelling as a professional photographer • travelled widely in Quebec and Ontario in 1870s and 1880s • took many trips along eastern rivers in a 12

• worked for Canadian railways between 1875 and 1897 • worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the 13

and the railway at Rogers Pass

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 9 – MERCHANT

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “a” ⇒ cần điền danh từ số ít

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

was born in Scotland in 1831 – father was a merchant

Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant.

CÂU HỎI 10 – EQUIPMENT

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “the” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

People bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable time and the equipmentwas heavy

There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of equipment.

CÂU HỎI 11 – GIFTS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ tobe “were” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

The photographs Henderson sold were giftsor souvenirs.

People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts,…

CÂU HỎI 12 – CANOE

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “a” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Took many trips along eastern rivers in a canoe

He was especially fond of the wilderness and often traveled by canoeon the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers.

CÂU HỎI 13 – MOUNTAIN

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “the” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the mountainsand the railway at Rogers Pass

In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountainsand the progress of construction.

Questions

14 – 18

Reading Passage 2 has nine section, A-I Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph F

a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph C

a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modern standards

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph E

how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph D

an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph B

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 14 – PARAGRAPH F Chú ý tới từ khóa “the 19th century” để tìm được Paragraph F chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century	During the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Tại sao một số người tránh bệnh viện vào thế kỷ 19	Trong những năm 1850. Không khí bẩn, chứ không phải là vi trùng, được cho là nguyên nhân chính gây ra ‘sốt bệnh viện’, dẫn đến bệnh tật và tử vong thường xuyên. Sự lây lan đã thúc đẩy sự xóa sổ của các bệnh viện.

CÂU HỎI 15 – PARAGRAPH C Chú ý tới từ khóa “tall buildings” để tìm được Paragraph C chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
A suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige	Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Một gợi ý rằng sự phổ biến của các tòa nhà cao có liên quan đến uy tín	Một cách ngắn gọn mà nói thì kính, thép và máy lạnh của các tòa nhà chọc trời được coi là biểu tượng của địa vị, hơn là những cách thực tế để đáp ứng các yêu cầu của chúng ta.

CÂU HỎI 16 – PARAGRAPH E Chú ý tới từ khóa “a 19th-century building” để tìm được Paragraph E chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
A comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modern standards	‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theater.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Sự so sánh giữa sự lưu thông của không khí trong một tòa nhà thế kỷ 19 và các tiêu chuẩn hiện đại	“Chúng tôi phát hiện ra rằng các khu bệnh viện thế kỷ 19 có thể tạo ra tới 24 lần thay đổi không khí trong một giờ – điều này tương tự như hoạt động của một nhà hát điều hành hiện đại được điều khiển bằng máy tính.

CÂU HỎI 17 – PARAGRAPH D Chú ý tới từ khóa “the circulation of air” để tìm được Paragraph D chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
How Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th century building	‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Làm thế nào Short đã kiểm tra sự lưu thông của không khí trong một tòa nhà thế kỷ 19	‘Chúng tôi đưa mầm bệnh * vào các luồng không khí, thứ mà được mô hình hóa cho một người bị bệnh lao (TB) đang ho trong các phòng khám và chúng tôi nhận thấy hệ thống thông gió trong phòng sẽ giúp các bệnh nhân khác được an toàn khỏi bị tổn hại.

CÂU HỎI 18 – PARAGRAPH B Chú ý tới từ khóa “advertising” để tìm được Paragraph B chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning	Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.
DỊCH NGHĨA
ngụ ý rằng quảng cáo đã dẫn đến sự gia tăng lớn trong việc sử dụng máy điều hòa không khí	Thay vào đó, ông cho thấy hoàn toàn có thể phù hợp với hệ thống thông gió và làm mát tự nhiên trong các tòa nhà lớn bằng cách nhìn vào quá khứ, trước khi hệ thống điều hòa không khí được giới thiệu rộng rãi, được các nhà phát minh của họ ‘tiếp thị không ngừng và tích cực’.

Questions

19 – 26

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.

Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wards

Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19

of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20

in the air coming from patients suffering from 21

would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22

in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23

areas. A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the 24

for protection against bad air, known as 25

. These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26

in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 19 – DESIGNS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau tính từ “architectural ” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural designsof hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation.

Short’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the designof ingeniously ventilated hospitals.

CÂU HỎI 20 – PATHOGENS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau đại từ chỉ định “that” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

He calculated that pathogens

in the air coming from patients

‘We put pathogens in the airstreams

CÂU HỎI 21 – TUBERCULOSIS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau đại từ chỉ định “that” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

He calculated that pathogens in the air coming from patients suffering from tuberculosiswould not have harmed other patients.

‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis(TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

CÂU HỎI 22 – WARDS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “in” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

He also found that the air in wardsin hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theater.

‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wardscould generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theater.

CÂU HỎI 23 – COMMUNAL

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “in”, trước danh từ “areas” ⇒ cần điền tính từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in communalareas.

Communalwards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

CÂU HỎI 24 – PUBLIC

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “the” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th century hospitals was the demand from the publicfor protection against bad air

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked publicclamoring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease.

CÂU HỎI 25 – Miasma

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau cụm từ “known as” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th century hospitals was the demand from the public for protection against bad air, known as Miasmas

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamoring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas– toxic air that spread disease.

CÂU HỎI 26 – CHOLERA

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “of” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of cholerain London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.

Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the choleraoutbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s.

Questions

27 – 34

Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Match the correct number, i-ix, with boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

Section A

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

vi. What people are increasingly expected to do

Section B

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

i. Complaints about the impact of a certain approach

Section C

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

iii. Early recommendations concerning business activities

Section D

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

ii. Fundamental beliefs that are in fact incorrect

Section E

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

ix. Evidence that a certain approach can have more disadvantages that advantages

Section F

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

vii. How to achieve outcomes that are currently impossible

Section G

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

iv. Organisations that put a new approach into practice

Section H

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

viii. Neither approach guarantees continuous improvement

Giải thích đáp án

PARAGRAPH A – HEADING (vi) Chú ý tới từ khóa “expected to do” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
What people are increasingly expected to do	We are told that we ought to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and seven our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Những gì mọi người ngày càng mong đợi làm
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến kỳ vọng của mọi người như Sắp xếp lại các khía cạnh trong cuộc sống (to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and seven our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive.)

PARAGRAPH B – HEADING (i) Chú ý tới từ khóa “ Complaints” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Complaints about the impact of a certain approach	Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Khiếu nại về tác động của một cách tiếp cận nhất định
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Cách tiếp cận về tổ chức nơi làm việc (the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.) Mọi người tỏ vẻ không hài lòng (claim to be dissatisfied)

PARAGRAPH C – HEADING (iii) Chú ý tới từ khóa “Early recommendations” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Early recommendations concerning business activities	Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Các khuyến nghị ban đầu liên quan đến các hoạt động kinh doanh
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Thời gian đưa ra khuyến nghị (Writing in the first half of the 20th century), (the approach has been around for a while) Các khuyến nghị liên quan tới quy trình làm việc trong hoạt động kinh doanh (principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies)

PARAGRAPH D – HEADING (ii) Chú ý tới từ khóa “Fundamental beliefs” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Fundamental beliefs that are in fact incorrect	The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organize our work; it’s the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it’s the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity… The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organizing themselves for the sake of organizing, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Niềm tin cơ bản trên thực tế không chính xác
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Các niềm tin cơ bản (the management theories or strategies we use to organize our work) Trên thực tế không chính xác (The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organizing themselves for the sake of organizing, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.)

PARAGRAPH E – HEADING (ix) Chú ý tới từ khóa “evidence” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Evidence that a certain approach can have more disadvantages than advantages.	What’s more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organization, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Bằng chứng là một cách tiếp cận nhất định có thể có nhiều nhược điểm hơn là ưu điểm.
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Ưu điểm của cách tiếp cận (increase productivity) Nhược điểm của cách tiếp cận lớn hơn (the usefulness of the process of organization, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity) ⇒ Nhiều nhược điểm hơn ưu điểm

PARAGRAPH F – HEADING (vii) Chú ý tới từ khóa “achieve outcomes” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
How to achieve outcomes that are currently impossible.	…the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Làm thế nào để đạt được những kết quả mà hiện tại là không thể đạt được.
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Kết quả mà hiện tại là không thể (an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group) currently impossible=would never be reached.

PARAGRAPH G – HEADING (iv) Chú ý tới từ khóa “Organizations” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Organizations that put a new approach into practice.	In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganization. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).
DỊCH NGHĨA
Các tổ chức áp dụng cách tiếp cận mới vào thực tế.
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Cách tiếp cận mới (slowly started to embrace this disorganization)

PARAGRAPH H – HEADING (viii) Chú ý tới từ khóa “continuous improvement” trong heading.
HEADING	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Neither approach guarantees continuous improvement	A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Cả hai cách tiếp cận đều không đảm bảo cải tiến liên tục
Giải thích: Trong đoạn văn đề cập đến Hai cách tiếp cận (disorder), (order) Việc không đảm bảo được sự cải tiến liên tục (have detrimental effects on performance if overused.)

Questions

35 – 37

Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.

Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not 35

enough.Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as 36

Many people feel 37

with aspects of their work.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 35 – PRODUCTIVE

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ tobe “ are not ” ⇒ cần điền tính từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not productiveenough.

We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organization than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive.

CÂU HỎI 36 – PERFECTIONISTS

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau cụm từ “regard themselves as” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Being organized appeals to people who regard themselves as perfectionists

This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionistswith the need to get everything right.

CÂU HỎI 37 – DISSATISFIED

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ “feel” ⇒ cần điền tính từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Many people feel dissatisfiedwith aspects of their work.

A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfiedwith the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.

Questions

38 – 40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

38
Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 38 – TRUE Chú ý tới từ khóa “businesses and people” để tìm được Paragraph D chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.	The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organizing themselves for the sake of organizing, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Cả doanh nghiệp và con người đều hướng tới mục tiêu là sự có tổ chức không thực sự xem xét giá trị của nó.	Kết quả là các doanh nghiệp và mọi người dành thời gian và tiền bạc để tổ chức bản thân vì lợi ích của việc tổ chức, thay vì thực sự nhìn vào mục tiêu cuối cùng và tính hữu ích của nỗ lực đó.
Giải thích: cả doanh nghiệp và cá nhân đều tập trung vào việc tổ chức thay vì nhìn vào giá trị thực sự nó mang lại ⇒ TRUE

39
Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 39 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Innovation” để tìm được Paragraph F chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.	In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Đổi mới thành công nhất nếu những người liên quan có vai trò riêng biệt	Trên thực tế, nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng, khi đổi mới, cách tiếp cận tốt nhất là tạo ra một môi trường không có cấu trúc và thứ bậc và cho phép tất cả mọi người liên quan tham gia như một nhóm chức
Giải thích: bài khóa cho thấy khi đổi mới cách tiếp cận tốt nhất là để mọi người cùng làm việc trong một nhóm không thứ bậc, không phải là những nhiệm vụ riêng biệt ⇒ FALSE

40
Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 40 – NOT GIVEN Chú ý tới từ khóa “General Electric” để tìm được Paragraph G chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.	In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganization, putting forward the idea of the ‘boundaryless’ organization… Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Google được truyền cảm hứng để áp dụng tính linh hoạt nhờ sự thành công của General Electric.	Tương tự như vậy, cựu chủ tịch của General Electric chấp nhận sự vô tổ chức, đưa ra ý tưởng về tổ chức “không ranh giới”… Google và một số công ty công nghệ khác đã chấp nhận (ít nhất một phần) các loại cấu trúc linh hoạt này, được hỗ trợ bởi công nghệ và các giá trị công ty mạnh mẽ gắn kết mọi người với nhau.
Giải thích: Bài khóa có nhắc tới cách Google tổ chức công ty nhưng không nói rằng lấy cảm hứng sáng tạo từ ai⇒ NOT GIVEN

IELTS Handbook 14 – Test 2 – R