IELTS Handbook 15 – Test 3

Questions

– 4

 

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Employment Agency: Possible Jobs

Chỗ trống 1:

 

Chỗ trống 2:

 

Chỗ trống 3:

 

Chỗ trống 4:

 
 

Questions

11 – 14

 

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

  • 11

    When did the Street Play Scheme first take place?

     
  • A

    two years ago

    B

    three years ago

    C

    six years ago

  • 12

    How often is Beechwood Road closed to traffic now?

     
  • A

    once a week

    B

    on Saturdays and Sundays

    C

    once a month

  • 13

    Who is responsible for closing the road?

     
  • A

    a council official

    B

    the police

    C

    local wardens

  • 14

    Residents who want to use their cars

     
  • A

    have to park in another street.

    B

    must drive very slowly

    C

    need permission from a warden.

  • 1

    Alice says that Street Play Schemes are most needed in

     
  • A

    wealthy areas

    B

    quiet suburban areas.

    C

    areas with heavy traffic.

  • 2

    What has been the reaction of residents who are not parents?

     
  • A

    Many of them were unhappy at first.

    B

    They like seeing children play in the street.

    C

    They are surprised by the lack of noise.

Questions

15 – 20

 

Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?

  • 3
    4
  •  
    A
    increased physical activity
     
    B
    increased sense of independence
     
    C
    opportunity to learn new games
     
    D
    opportunity to be part of a community
     
    E
    opportunity to make new friends
 
 

Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO results of the King Street experiment surprised Alice?

  • 5
    6
  •  
    A
    more shoppers
     
    B
    improved safety
     
    C
    less air pollution
     
    D
    more relaxed atmosphere
     
    E
    less noise pollution

Questions

21 – 22

 

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

What Hazel should analyse about items in newspapers: ● what 7

 

the item is on ● the 8

 

of the item, including the headline ● any 9

 

accompanying the item ● the 10

 

of the item, e.g. what’s made prominent ● the writer’s main 11

 

● the 12

 

the writer may make about the reader

Questions

23 – 24

 

What does Hazel decide to do about each of the following types of articles? Match the correct letter, A, B or C, with Questions 27-30

13
national news item
Chọn đáp án
14
editorial
Chọn đáp án
15
human interest
Chọn đáp án
16
arts
Chọn đáp án
 

Questions

31 – 40

 

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Early history of keeping clean

How the programme was organised ● It focused on a dry and arid region in Chicualacuala district, near the Limpopo River. ● People depended on the forest to provide charcoal as a source of income. ● 31

 

was seen as the main priority to ensure the supply of water. ● Most of the work organised by farmers’ associations was done by 32

 

● Fenced areas created to keep animals away from crops. ● The programme provided – 33

 

for the fences – 34

 

for suitable crops – water pumps. ● The farmers provided – labour – 35

 

for the fences on their land. Further developments ● The marketing of produce was sometimes difficult due to lack of 36

 

. ● Training was therefore provided in methods of food 37

 

. ● Farmers made special places where 38

 

could be kept. ● Local people later suggested keeping 39

 

. Evaluation and lessons learned ● Agricultural production increased, improving incomes and food security. ● Enough time must be allowed, particularly for the 40

 

phase of the programme.

Section 1

 

Questions

– 10
 

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Employment Agency: Possible Jobs

First Job Administrative assistant in a company that produces 1
furniture
(North London) Responsibilities ● data entry ● go to 2
meetings
and take notes ● general admin ● management of 3
diary
Requirements ● good computer skills including spreadsheets ● good interpersonal skills ● attention to 4
Experience ● need a minimum of 5
of experience of teleconferencing Second Job Warehouse assistant in South London Responsibilities ● stock management ● managing 6
deliveries
Requirements ● ability to work with numbers ● good computer skills ● very organised and 7
tidy
● good communication skills ● used to working in a 8
team
● able to cope with items that are 9
heavy
Need experience of ● driving in London ● warehouse work ● 10
customer
service

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

sally: Good morning. Thanks for coming in to see us here at the agency, Joe. I’m one

of the agency representatives, and my name’s Sally Baker.

joe: Hi Sally. I think we spoke on the phone, didn’t we?

sally: That’s right, we did. So thank you for sending in your cv. We’ve had quite a

careful look at it and I think we have two jobs that might be suitable for you.

joe: ok.

sally: (Q1) The first one is in a company based in North London. They’re looking for an administrative assistant.  ( Đầu tiên là trụ sở công ty ở Bắc London. Họ đang tìm vị trí trợ lý hành chính)  

joe: ok. What sort of company is it?

sally: (Q1) They’re called Home Solutions and they design and make (= produce) furniture( Công ty tên Home solutions và họ đang thiết kế và sản xuất nội thất) 

joe: Oh, I don’t know much about that, but it sounds interesting.

sally: Yes, well as I said, they want someone in their office, and looking at your past experience it does look as if you fit quite a few of the requirements. So on your cv it appears you’ve done some data entry?

joe: Yes.

sally: So that’s one skill they want. (Q2) Then they expect the person they appoint to attend (= go to) meetings and take notes there … sau đó họ mong đợi người mà họ chỉ định tham gia các cuộc họp và ghi chép ở đó…)

joe: ok. I’ve done that before, yes.

sally: And you’d need to be able to cope with general admin.

joe: Filing, and keeping records and so on? That should be OK. (Q3) And in my last job I also had to manage the diary(trong công việc cũ của tôi tôi cũng phải quản lý nhật kí, các bản ghi chép)

sally: Excellent. That’s something they want here too. I’d suggest you add it to your

cv – I don’t think you mentioned that, did you?

joe: No.

sally: So as far as the requirements go, they want good computer skills, of course, and

they particularly mention spreadsheets.

joe: That should be fine.

sally: And interpersonal skills – which would be something they’d check with your

references.

joe: I think that should be OK, yes.

sally: (Q4) Then they mention that they want someone who is careful and takes care with (= attention to) details – just looking at your cv, I’d say you’re probably alright there. ( sau đó họ đề cập rằng họ muốn một người cẩn thận và để ý tới các chi tiết)

joe: I think so, yes. Do they want any special experience?

sally: I think they wanted some experience of teleconferencing.

joe: I’ve got three years’ experience of that.

sally: (Q5) Let’s see, yes, good. In fact they’re only asking for at least (= a minimum of) one year, so that’s great. So is that something that might interest you? (Thực ra họ chỉ đòi hỏi tối thiểu một năm…)

joe: It is, yes. The only thing is, you said they were in North London so it would be

quite a long commute for me.

sally: ok.

sally: So the second position might suit you better as far as the location goes; that’s for a warehouse assistant and that’s in South London.

joe: Yes, that would be a lot closer.

sally: And you’ve worked in a warehouse before, haven’t you?

joe: Yes.

sally:So as far as the responsibilities for this position go, (Q6) they want someone who can manage the stock, obviously, and also deliveries(họ muốn ai đó có thể quản lý kho hàng, và cả việc giao hàng)
joe:That should be OK. You’ve got to keep track of stuff, but I’ve always been quite good with numbers.
sally:Good, that’s their first requirement. And they want someone who’s computer literate, which we know you are.
joe:Sure.
sally:(Q7)Then they mention organizational skills. They want someone who’s well organized. (sau đó họ đề cập tới kĩ năng tổ chức, họ muốn một người có tổ chức)
joe:Yes, I think I am.
sally:And tidy? (và gọn gàng)
joe:Yes, they go together really, don’t they?
sally:Sure. Then the usual stuff; they want someone who can communicate well both orally and in writing.
joe:(Q8) OK. And for the last warehouse job I had, one of the things I enjoyed most was being part of a (= working in) team. (Và đối với công việc kho cuối cùng mà tôi có, một trong những điều tôi thích nhất là được trở thành thành viên của một đội.) I found that was really essential for the job.
sally:Excellent. Yes, they do mention that they want someone who’s used to that, yes. Now when you were working in a warehouse last time, what sorts of items were you dealing with?
joe:It was mostly bathroom and kitchen equipment, sinks and stoves and fridges.
sally:(Q9) So you’re OK moving (= able to cope with) heavy things? (vậy, bạn có thể di chuyển những mảnh mỏng nặng không? )
 

Sure. I’m quite strong, and I’ve had the training. (Chắc chắn rồi. Tôi khá khỏe và tôi đã được đào tạo)


 

sally:Good. Now as far as experience goes, they mention they want someone with a license, and that you have experience of driving in London – so you can cope with the traffic and so on.
joe:Yes, no problem.
sally:And you’ve got experience of warehouse work (Q10) and the final thing they mention is customer service. (và điều cuối cùng họ đề cập là dịch vụ khách hàng) I think looking at your cv you’re OK there.
joe:Right. So what about pay? Can you tell me a bit more about that, please …

Section 2

 

Questions

11 – 16
 

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

  • 11

    When did the Street Play Scheme first take place?

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    two years ago

    B

    three years ago

    C

    six years ago

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. When did the street Play Scheme first take place?

A two years ago

B three years ago 

C six years ago

Alice nói

Well, I first had the idea when my oldest child was still a toddler, so that’s about six years ago now – but it took at least two years of campaigning before we were actually able to make it happen. So the scheme’s been up and running for three years now.(Vì vậy, kế hoạch đã được lên và chạy được ba năm nay)


 

 

DỊCH NGHĨA

11. Kế hoạch street Play lần đầu tiên diễn ra khi nào?

A Hai năm trước

B ba năm trước

C sáu năm trước

  • 12

    How often is Beechwood Road closed to traffic now?

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    once a week

    B

    on Saturdays and Sundays

    C

    once a month

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. How often is Beechwood Road closed to traffic now?

A once a week

B on Saturdays and Sundays

once a month


 

We’d love to be able to close our road for longer – for the whole weekend, from Saturday morning until Sunday evening, for example. At the moment it’s just once a week (Chúng tôi muốn có thể chắn đường lâu hơn – ví dụ như trong cả cuối tuần, từ sáng Thứ Bảy cho đến tối Chủ Nhật. Hiện tại, nó chỉ là một lần một tuần )


 

DỊCH NGHĨA

12 Bây giờ, Đường Beechwood bị chắn với mức độ thường xuyên như thế nào?

A Một lần một tuần

B vào các ngày thứ bảy và chủ nhật

c mỗi tháng một lần


 

 

  • 13

    Who is responsible for closing the road?

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    a council official

    B

    the police

    C

    local wardens

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. Who is responsible for closing the road?

A a council official

B the police

local wardens

We have volunteer wardens, mostly parents but some elderly residents too, who block off our road at either end (Chúng tôi có những người bảo vệ tình nguyện, hầu hết là cha mẹ nhưng cũng có một số cư dân cao tuổi, những người chặn đường của chúng tôi ở hai đầu)

DỊCH NGHĨA

13 Ai chịu trách nhiệm chắn đường?

A Một quan chức hội đồng

B cảnh sát

c phường địa phương Cư dân muốn sử dụng ô tô của họ


 

  • 14

    Residents who want to use their cars

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    have to park in another street.

    B

    must drive very slowly

    C

    need permission from a warden.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. Residents who want to use their cars

A  have to park in another street.

B must drive very slowly.

need permission from a warden.


 

But only residents’ cars are allowed. If people really need to get in or out of Beechwood Road, it’s not a problem – as long as they drive at under 20 kilometers per hour. (miễn là họ lái xe với tốc độ dưới 20 km một giờ.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

14 Cư dân muốn sử dụng ô tô của họ

A phải đậu xe ở đường khác.

B phải lái xe rất chậm.

C cần sự cho phép của người giám sát.


 

  • 15

    Alice says that Street Play Schemes are most needed in

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    wealthy areas

    B

    quiet suburban areas.

    C

    areas with heavy traffic.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. Alice says that street Play Schemes are most needed in

A wealthy areas.

B quiet suburban areas.

c areas with heavy traffic.


 

Absolutely – we want to include all kids in the city – especially those who live on busy roads (Hoàn toàn có thể – chúng tôi muốn bao gồm tất cả trẻ em trong thành phố – đặc biệt là những trẻ em sống trên những con đường đông đúc) Obviously, there isn’t such demand in wealthier areas where the children have access to parks or large gardens – or in the suburbs where there are usually more places for children to play outside.



 

DỊCH NGHĨA

15 Alice nói rằng các Sơ đồ khu vui chơi trên đường phố là cần thiết nhất trong

A các khu vực giàu có.

B khu vực ngoại thành yên tĩnh.

c khu vực đông xe cộ qua lại.


 

  • 16

    What has been the reaction of residents who are not parents?

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    Many of them were unhappy at first.

    B

    They like seeing children play in the street.

    C

    They are surprised by the lack of noise.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

  1. What has been the reaction of residents who are not parents?

A Many of them were unhappy at first.

B They like seeing children play in the street.

They are surprised by the lack of noise.

Alice nói 

On the whole everyone is very supportive and say they’re very happy to see children out on the street – (họ rất vui khi thấy trẻ em ra đường) even if it does get quite noisy.


 

DỊCH NGHĨA

16 Phản ứng của những cư dân không phải là phụ huynh như thế nào?

A Nhiều người trong số họ lúc đầu không vui.

B Họ thích nhìn thấy trẻ em chơi trên đường phố.

c Họ ngạc nhiên vì thiếu tiếng ồn.


 

Questions

17 – 18
 

Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?

  • 17
    18
  •  
    A
    increased physical activity

    Bạn chọn thiếu đáp án này

     
    B
    increased sense of independence
     
    C
    opportunity to learn new games

    Bạn chọn thiếu đáp án này

     
    D
    opportunity to be part of a community
     
    E
    opportunity to make new friends

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?

A increased physical activity

B increased sense of independence

opportunity to learn new games

D opportunity to be part of a community

E opportunity to make new friends

Alice nói rằng 

There have been so many benefits of street Play for the kids. Parents really like the fact that the kids are getting fresh air instead of sitting staring at a computer screen, even if they’re not doing anything particularly energetic. And of course it’s great that kids can play with their friends outside without being supervised by their parents – but for me the biggest advantage is that kids develop confidence in themselves to be outside without their parents. (lợi thế lớn nhất là trẻ phát triển sự tự tin vào bản thân khi ở bên ngoài mà không có cha mẹ bên cạnh.) The other really fantastic thing is that children get to know the adults in the street – it’s like having a big extended family. (Một điều thực sự tuyệt vời khác là trẻ em làm quen với những người lớn trên đường phố – giống như có một đại gia đình lớn.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

Alice cho rằng HAI lợi ích nào cho trẻ em là quan trọng nhất?

A Tăng hoạt động thể chất

B tăng cảm giác độc lập

C cơ hội để học các trò chơi mới

D cơ hội trở thành một phần của cộng đồng

Cơ hội để kết bạn mới


 

Questions

19 – 20
 

Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO results of the King Street experiment surprised Alice?

  • 19
    20
  • Bạn chọn thiếu đáp án này

     
    A
    more shoppers
     
    B
    improved safety
     
    C
    less air pollution
     
    D
    more relaxed atmosphere

    Bạn chọn thiếu đáp án này

     
    E
    less noise pollution

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

Which TWO results of the King street experiment surprised Alice?

A more shoppers

improved safety

less air pollution

D more relaxed atmosphere

E less noise pollution

It was surprising how much of a difference all this made. As we’d predicted, air quality was significantly better but what I hadn’t expected was how much quieter it would be (nhưng những gì tôi không ngờ tới là nó sẽ yên tĩnh hơn bao nhiêu)– even with the buses still running. Of course everyone said they felt safer but we were actually amazed that sales in the shops went up considerably that day (nhưng chúng tôi thực sự ngạc nhiên rằng doanh số bán hàng tại các cửa hàng đã tăng lên đáng kể vào ngày hôm đó)– we thought there’d be fewer people out shopping – not more.


 

DỊCH NGHĨA

HAI kết quả nào của thí nghiệm đường King làm Alice ngạc nhiên?

A Nhiều người mua sắm hơn

B cải thiện an toàn

c bớt ô nhiễm không khí

D bầu không khí thoải mái hơn

E bớt ô nhiễm tiếng ồn


 

Section 3

 

Questions

21 – 26
 

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

What Hazel should analyse about items in newspapers: ● what 21
page
the item is on ● the 22
size
of the item, including the headline ● any 23
accompanying the item ● the 24
structure
of the item, e.g. what’s made prominent ● the writer’s main 25
purpose
● the 26
the writer may make about the reader

Giải thích đáp án

 

Questions

27 – 30
 

What does Hazel decide to do about each of the following types of articles? Match the correct letter, A, B or C, with Questions 27-30

27
national news item

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

A. She will definitely look for a suitable article.

28
editorial

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

C. She definitely won’t look for an article.

29
human interest

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

C. She definitely won’t look for an article.

30
arts

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

B. She may look for a suitable article.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 
hazel:Does it matter what type of story I write about?
tom:No – national or international politics, the arts … Anything, as long as it’s covered in two or three newspapers. Though of course it’ll be easier and more fun if it’s something you’re interested in and know something about.
hazel:And on that basis a national news item would be worth analyzing-(Q27) I’m quite keen on politics, so I’ll try and find a suitable topic.(Tôi khá quan tâm đến chính trị, vì vậy tôi sẽ thử và tìm một chủ đề phù hợp.)What did you choose for your analysis, Tom?
tom:

I was interested in how newspapers express their opinions explicitly, so

I wanted to compare editorials in different papers, but when I started looking, I Couldn’t find two on the same topic that I felt like analvsinq.

hazel:(Q28) In that case. I won’t even bother to look.(Trong trường hợp đó. Tôi thậm chí không thèm nhìn.)
tom:So in the end I chose a human interest story – a terribly emotional story about a young girl who was very ill, and lots of other people – mostly strangers – raised money so she could go abroad for treatment. Actually, I was surprised – some papers just wrote about how wonderful everyone was, but others considered the broader picture, like why treatment wasn’t available here.
hazel:Hmm. (Q29) I usually find stories like that raise quite strong feelings in me!I’ll avoid that.(Tôi thường thấy những câu chuyện như thế làm dấy lên cảm xúc khá mạnh mẽ trong tôi! Tôi sẽ tránh điều đó.). (Q30) Perhaps I’ll choose an arts topic, like different reviews of a film, or something about funding for the arts – I’ll think about that.(Có lẽ tôi sẽ chọn một chủ đề nghệ thuật, chẳng hạn như các bài đánh giá khác nhau về một bộ phim hoặc điều gì đó về tài trợ cho nghệ thuật – tôi sẽ nghĩ về điều đó.)
tom:Yes, that might be interesting.
hazel:OK, well thanks a lot for your help, Tom. It’s been really useful.
tom:You’re welcome. Good luck with the assignment, Hazel.

Section 4

Questions

31 – 40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Early history of keeping clean

Prehistoric times:● water was used to wash off 31
mud
Ancient Babylon● soap-like material found in 32
clay
cylindersAncient Greece:● people cleaned themselves with sand and other substances● used a strigil – scraper made of 33
metal
● washed clothes in streamsAncient Germany and Gaul:● used soap to colour their 34
hair
Ancient Rome:● animal fat, ashes and clay mixed through action of rain, used for washing clothes● from about 312 BC, water carried to Roman 35
by aqueductsEurope in Middle Ages:● decline in bathing contributed to occurrence of 36
37
perfume
began to be added to soapEurope from 17th century:● 1600s: cleanliness and bathing started becoming usual● 1791: Leblanc invented a way of making soda ash from 38
salt
● early 1800s: Chevreul turned soapmaking into a 39
science
● from 1800s, there was no longer a 40
tax
on soap.

Giải thích đáp án

Nowadays, we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning, but this is very much a 20th-century development.

The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times. (Q31) Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties – at least that it rinsed mud off (=wash off) their hands. (Vì nước cần thiết cho sự sống, những người đầu tiên sống gần nước và biết điều gì đó về tính chất tẩy rửa của nó – ít nhất là nó rửa sạch bùn trên tay họ)

During the excavation of ancient Babylon, evidence was found that soapmaking was known as early as 2800 BC. (Q32) Archaeologists discovered (=found in) cylinders made of clay, with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with ashes. This is a method of making soap,(Các nhà khảo cổ học đã phát hiện ra những hình trụ làm bằng đất sét, trên đó có khắc những dòng chữ nói rằng chất béo được đun sôi với tro. Đây là một phương pháp làm xà phòng) though there’s no reference to the purpose of this material.

The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn’t use soap. (Q33) Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil(Thay vào đó, họ làm sạch cơ thể bằng những khối cát, đá bọt và tro, sau đó xức dầu và cạo sạch dầu và bụi bẩn bằng một dụng cụ kim loại được gọi là strigil.) They also used oil mixed with ashes. Clothes were washed without soap in streams.

(Q34) The ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called ‘soap’, made of melted animal fat and ashes. They used this mixture to tint (=color) their hair red. (Người Đức và Gaul cổ đại cũng được ghi nhận là đã khám phá ra cách tạo ra một chất gọi là “xà phòng”, làm từ mỡ động vật nấu chảy và tro. Họ sử dụng hỗn hợp này để nhuộm tóc màu đỏ.)

Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals were sacrificed, leaving deposits of animal fat. Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes, down into the clay soil along the River Tiber. Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.

(Q35) As Roman civilisation advanced, so did bathing. The first of the famous Roman bathssupplied with (=carried) water from their aqueducts, was built around 312 BC.(Khi nền văn minh La Mã phát triển, việc tắm rửa cũng vậy. Nhà tắm đầu tiên của người La Mã nổi tiếng, được cung cấp nước từ hệ thống dẫn nước của họ, được xây dựng vào khoảng năm 312 trước Công nguyên.) The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular. And by the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes.

After the fall of Rome in 467 AD and the resulting decline in bathing habits, much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health. (Q36)This lack of personal cleanliness (=decline in bathing) and related unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages, and especially the Black Death of the 14th century. (Sự thiếu sạch sẽ cá nhân và điều kiện sống mất vệ sinh là những yếu tố chính dẫn đến sự bùng phát dịch bệnh vào thời Trung cổ, và đặc biệt là Cái chết Đen vào thế kỷ 14.)

Nevertheless, soapmaking became an established craft in Europe, and associations of soapmakers guarded their trade secrets closely. (Q37) Vegetable and animal oils were used with (= added to) ashes of plants, along with perfume, apparently for the first time.(Dầu thực vật và động vật được sử dụng với tro của thực vật, cùng với nước hoa, dường như là lần đầu tiên.) Gradually more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing, as well as bathing and laundering.

(Q38) A major step toward large-scale commercial soapmaking occurred in 1791, when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc, patented (= invented a way) a process for turning salt into soda ash, or sodium carbonate.(Một bước tiến quan trọng đối với sản xuất xà phòng thương mại quy mô lớn xảy ra vào năm 1791, khi một nhà hóa học người Pháp, Nicholas Leblanc, được cấp bằng sáng chế cho một quy trình biến muối thành tro soda, hoặc natri cacbonat.) Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap. The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good-quality, inexpensive soda ash.

Modern soapmaking was born some 20 years later, in the early 19th century, with the discovery by Michel Eugene Chevreul, another French chemist, of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine and fatty acids. (Q39)His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soapmaking became a science(Các nghiên cứu của ông đã thiết lập cơ sở cho cả chất béo và hóa học xà phòng, và sản xuất xà phòng đã trở thành một ngành khoa học.) Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.

Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item, and was heavily taxed in several countries. (Q40) As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed.(= there was no longer) (Khi nó trở nên sẵn có hơn, nó trở thành một nhu cầu thiết yếu hàng ngày, một sự phát triển được củng cố khi thuế cao được xóa bỏ.)Soap was then something ordinary people could afford, and cleanliness standards improved.

With this Widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.

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