Path to Success – Test 3

Questions

– 6

 

Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Short Story Competition Entry Details Cost of entry: £5 (Example) Length of story: – approximately 1

 

– Story must include: a 2

 

Minimum age: 3

 

Last entry date: 1st 4

 

Web address: www. 5

 

.com Don’t: 6

 

the story to the organisers

Questions

– 10

 

Questions 6-10 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Judging and Prize Details The competition is judged by 7

 

. The top five stories will be available 8

 

. The top story will be chosen by the 9

 

. The first prize is a place at a writers’ workshop in 10

 

.

Questions

11 – 17

 

Questions 11-14 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

  • 1

    The next event at the hotel will be a

     
  • A

    trade fair.

    B

    wedding.

    C

    party.

  • 2

    The number of guests will be

     
  • A

    less than 50.

    B

    from 50 to 100.

    C

    more than 100.

  • 3

    Guests will start arriving at

     
  • A

    7.15

    B

    7.30

    C

    7.45

  • 4

    The entertainment will be a

     
  • A

    live band.

    B

    comedian.

    C

    magician.

Questions

18 – 20

 

Questions 15-17 Who will be responsible for the following jobs as the guests arrive? Choose THREE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-E. next to Questions 15-17.

18
offer drinks to guests
Chọn đáp án
19
take guests’ coats and hats
Chọn đáp án
20
show guests where to go
Chọn đáp án
 
 

Questions 18-20 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

General instructions In order to get the guests to move to the restaurant the hotel manager will 5

 

. Seating plans will be placed on each table and also in the 6

 

. There will be a total of three 7

 

.

 

Questions

21 – 22

Questions 21-25 Complete the flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Chỗ trống 21: 8

 

Chỗ trống 22: 9

 

Chỗ trống 23: 10

 

Chỗ trống 24: 11

 

Chỗ trống 25: 12

 

Questions

23 – 26

 

Questions 26-30 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

George’s experience of university George is studying Mechanical Engineering which involves several disciplines. He is finding 23

 

the most difficult. At the moment, his course is mainly 24

 

. He will soon have an assignment which involves a study of 25

 

. He thinks there are too many 26

 

and would like less of them.

Questions

31 – 40

 

Questions 31-38 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Preparing and Giving a Presentation INITIAL THOUGHTS Most important consideration: your audience Three points to bear in mind: – what they need to know – how 31

 

they will be – how big the audience will be STRUCTURE Start with information that makes the audience 32

 

End with 33

 

DESIGN The presentation needs to be 34

 

Vary content by using a mix of words and 35

 

PRESENTING Look at the audience, be enthusiastic and energetic Voice – vary speed and 36

 

Occasionally add 37

 

for greater impact Do not use 38

 

(e.g. appears, seems) QUESTIONS AND INTERRUPTIONS When asked a question, first of all you should 39

 

Minimise interruptions by 40

 

them

 
 

Questions 39-40 Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Health and Hair Changes in diet will take longer to affect your hair than your 13

 

. Vitamins C, D and E are all important for healthy hair and 14

 

are one of the best sources of Vitamin C.

Part 1

 

Questions

– 5
 

Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

SARAH’S HEALTH & FITNESS CLUB MEMBERSHIP FORM First name: Harry (Example) Last name: 1
Symonds
Date of Birth: Day: 11th; Month: December; Year: 2
1996
Type of Membership: 3
Activities: Badminton and 4
swimming
Payment details: – Total: £450 – To be paid 5
monthly

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

A: Hi. How can I help you?

B: Hello. Yes..hm. Is your club taking on new members at the moment?

A: Oh, yes. We’re always interested in taking on new members. Just give me a moment and I’ll get an application form. Right, here we are. So, let’s start with your name.

B: It’s Harry.

A: OK, and your surname (= last name)(và họ của bạn là gì.)

B: It’s Symonds(Nó là Symonds.)

A: Is that like Simon with an S?

B: No, (Q1) it’s S-Y-M-O-N-D-S. (S-Y-M-O-N-D-S.) Most people find it rather difficult to spell.

A: I see. It has a silent D. I guess a lot of people miss that. Now let me see. Can you tell me when you were born?

B: Yes certainly – the eleventh of December.

A: Thanks. And the year(Và năm nào?)

B: (Q2) 1996.

A: Okay good. Now, are you thinking of becoming a full-time member?

B: Probably not. What kind of memberships do you have? (Các bạn có những loại thẻ thành viên nào?)

A: Well, we also have off-peak membership which is between nine and twelve in the morning and two and five in the afternoon. And then we do have a weekend membership.

B: So a weekend membership is just Saturday and Sunday.

A: Yes that’s right.

B: Okay. Well, that’s not going to work for me. (Q3) It looks like I’ll have to be full-time. (Có lẽ tôi sẽ đăng ký thẻ thành viên toàn thời gian.) I’m afraid off-peak membership won’t do as I’m not free at those times and I don’t just want to be restricted to weekends.

A: Okay I’ll make a note of that. Right, we have several facilities at the club including a gym, a swimming pool, tennis and squash courts. What activities are you planning on doing?

B: Well, do you have badminton(Ồ, các bạn có môn cầu lông không?)

A: Yes, we do.

B: And table tennis?

A: I’m afraid not – well not at the moment anyway.

B: Okay. (Q4) Well, I’m also very keen on swimming so I’m glad you have a pool. I’ll certainly be doing a lot of that. (Ồ, tôi cũng rất thích bơi lội, và thật may khi các bạn có hồ bơi. Tôi chắc chắn là sẽ bơi nhiều đó.)

A: OK. I’ve got that. Will you be using the gym?

B: No, I’m not interested in that.

A: Okay. So just let me work out what the cost will be. Yes, that comes to 450 pounds for the year – (Q5) you can choose to pay annually for the full year or monthly. It’s up to you. (bạn có thể chọn trả theo cả năm hoặc theo tháng. Tùy bạn.)

B: I’d prefer to pay regularly in small amounts (= monthly) rather than have a large amount to pay in one go if that’s okay. (Nếu được thì tôi muốn thanh toán thường xuyên theo những khoản nhỏ thay vì thanh toán cả một khoản tiền lớn cùng lúc.)

A: Sure that’s fine. Right, I’ve got the most important details for now.

Questions

– 10
 

Questions 6-10 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Lifestyle questionnaire What exercise do you do regularly? 6
. Do you have any injuries? has a 7
bad ankle
. What is your goal or target? a better 8
fitness level
. What is your occupation? a 9
charity worker
. How did you hear about the club? 10
.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

A: So I’d just like to ask you a few questions about your lifestyle if that’s OK with you.

B: Yes, that’s fine.

A: Do you do any regular exercise at the moment? (Hiện tại bạn có tập thể dục thường xuyên không?)

B: Yes, I do a bit.

A: Good, and what do you do?

B: (Q6) Well every few days (= regularly), I go jogging(À cứ cách vài ngày thì tôi lại đi bộ.)

A: Yes, that’s good. How long do you go for?

B: Well it varies. I guess it depends on how energetic I’m feeling.

A: Yes of course. Every little bit helps. Do you have any injuries at the moment? (Hiện tại bạn có bất cứ chấn thương gì không?)

B: Well I did break a bone in my foot playing football a long time ago but that’s all healed up now. (Q7) But in the last few days, I’ve realized I have a bad ankle. (Nhưng trong vài ngày gần đây, tôi đã nhận ra rằng mình bị đau mắt cá chân.) I think I must’ve injured it last week and it’s a bit sore now. But apart from that, I’m fine.

A: Right I guess you might need to rest it for a few days to let it recover.

B: Yes I will.

A: So – let me just ask you what you want to achieve by joining the club. Do you have any targets or goals(Bạn có mục tiêu nào không?)

B: (Q8) Well I suppose my main aim is to build up (= better) my fitness level. (Tôi cho rằng mục đích chính của mình là tăng cường thể lực.) Is that the kind of thing you mean?

A: Yes, that’s fine. All the activities you’re going to be doing should certainly help you with that.

B: Okay.

A: And could you tell me what you do for a living?

B: Well I was a student up until recently.

A: Okay so what are you doing (= what is your occupation) at the moment? (Ok, vậy bây giờ bạn đang làm công việc gì thế?)

B: (Q9) Well I’m a charity worker(Tôi là một nhân viên từ thiện.)

A: Oh, that’s fine. I’ll write that down. Okay, nearly done. One last question – can I ask how you heard about the club? (bạn biết về câu lạc bộ từ đâu?) Did you see advertised or did you go to our website for example?

B: (Q10) Well I’ve been looking for a health club for a while and I asked my friends for suggestions but they weren’t much help. And then I was listening to the radio and your club was mentioned so I thought I’ll go along and see what it’s like. (Tôi đã tìm kiếm câu lạc bộ sức khỏe một thời gian rồi và tôi có hỏi ý kiến bạn bè nhưng họ không giúp được gì nhiều. Sau đó lúc tôi đang nghe radio thì câu lạc bộ của bạn được nhắc đến nên tôi nghĩ mình sẽ đi và xem như thế nào.)

A: Great well we look forward to having you as a member.

Part 2

 

Questions

11 – 14
 

Questions 11-14 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

  • 11

    The next event at the hotel will be a

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    trade fair.

    B

    wedding.

    C

    party.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

11. The next event at the hotel will be a

A. trade fair.

B. wedding.

C. party.

And now we have only three days to prepare for the birthday party this weekend. (Và bây giờ chúng ta chỉ có 3 ngày để chuẩn bị cho bữa tiệc sinh nhật vào cuối tuần này.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

11. Sự kiện tiếp theo ở khách sạn sẽ là một

A. hội chợ thương mại

B. đám cưới

C. bữa tiệc

  • 12

    The number of guests will be

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    less than 50.

    B

    from 50 to 100.

    C

    more than 100.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

12. The number of guests will be

A. less than 50.

B. from 50 to 100.

C. more than 100.

At the moment, we don’t have exact numbers of guests and though we usually only cater for groups of less than fifty, we will have quite a few more than that. So – as I said – not sure of numbers but of course we won’t go over the maximum of 100. (mặc dù chúng ta thường chỉ phục vụ cho nhóm dưới 50 người, nhưng chúng ta sẽ có nhiều khách hơn như vậy. Như tôi đã nói, dù không chắc chắn về con số cụ thể nhưng đương nhiên sẽ không vượt quá con số tối đa là 100.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

12. Số lượng khách sẽ ở mức

A. ít hơn 50

B. từ 50 đến 100

C. hơn 100

  • 13

    Guests will start arriving at

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    7.15

    B

    7.30

    C

    7.45

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

13. Guests will start arriving at

A. 7.15.

B. 7.30.

C. 7.45.

Well, the invitation says guests should arrive between 7.30 and 7.45 but our experience is that there are always a few who like to arrive early so we’ll expect the first people at 7.15. (luôn luôn có một số người thích đến sớm, vậy nên chúng ta sẽ đón tiếp những vị khách đầu tiên vào lúc 7 giờ 15 phút.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

13. Khách sẽ bắt đầu đến lúc

A. 7 giờ 15 phút

B. 7 giờ 30 phút

C. 7 giờ 45 phút

  • 14

    The entertainment will be a

     
  • Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

  • A

    live band.

    B

    comedian.

    C

    magician.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

CÂU HỎI

TRANSCRIPT & GIẢI THÍCH

14. The entertainment will be a

A. live band.

B. comedian.

C. magician.

Now, for this, we were expecting a live band for the occasion which is always fun, but apparently this has been cancelled due to illness. So the hosts know someone who is a comedian who will be replacing the band. (Vì vậy người dẫn chương trình đã mời một diễn viên hài đến để thay thế cho ban nhạc.)

DỊCH NGHĨA

14. Chương trình giải trí sẽ có

A. ban nhạc hát live

B. diễn viên hài

C. ảo thuật gia

 

Questions

15 – 17
 

Questions 15-17 Who will be responsible for the following jobs as the guests arrive? Choose THREE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-E. next to Questions 15-17.

15
offer drinks to guests

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

(C) Gary

16
take guests’ coats and hats

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

(E) Monica

17
show guests where to go

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

(A) Susan

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

So I’d just like to go through who’s doing what when the guests arrive and I think we’ll make a few changes from the last party held here. If I remember correctly, it was Olav who coordinated the task of providing the guests with drinks (= offer drinks to guests) or was it Ahmed? (có phải Olav đã là người điều phối việc phục vụ đồ uống cho khách không hay là Ahmed nhỉ?) (checking) Um, I’m not sure – (Q15) but Gary asked to do it this time – so that will be his job. (nhưng lần này Gary muốn làm điều đó – vậy nên đó sẽ là công việc của anh ấy.) There’s been no decision yet on what the drinks are going to be but I hope they decide soon in case we need to order something special. Now – for receiving the guests’ coats and hats (= take guests’ coats and hats) (về việc nhận áo khoác và mũ của khách), it’s important we have someone experienced doing this as we don’t want guests losing their belongings. (Q16) And Monica, last time this was your responsibility, Susan, I know you wanted to do this but as the numbers are quite high for this event I won’t make a change here. (Và Monica, lần trước đây là trách nhiệm của bạn, Susan, tôi biết bạn muốn làm điều này nhưng vì số lượng khách cho sự kiện này khá đông nên giờ tôi sẽ không đổi người.) Right now last time there was some confusion as to where guests were supposed to go once they had deposited their things and we had guests roaming around the whole hotel. (Q17) So Ahmed and Olav – I believe you discussed the problems with Susan and thought she would be good at guiding guests (= show guests where to go) after they had arrived – and I’m fine with that. (Vậy Ahmed và Olav – tôi tin rằng các bạn đã thảo luận những vấn đề này với Susan và nghĩ rằng cô ấy giỏi trong việc hướng dẫn khách sau khi họ đến nơi – và tôi đồng ý với điều đó.)

Questions

18 – 20
 

Questions 18-20 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

General instructions In order to get the guests to move to the restaurant the hotel manager will 18
ring a bell
. Seating plans will be placed on each table and also in the 19
lounge
. There will be a total of three 20
.

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

Right – and now for some general instructions. Once the guests have arrived they will be in and around the lounge area and (Q18) then at around 8.30 we need to get them to move to the restaurant for their meal. This often proves difficult and can take a long time so I (= manager) will ring a bell so that everyone knows it’s time to eat! (sau đó vào khoảng 8h30, chúng ta cần đưa họ đến nhà hàng để dùng bữa. Điều này thường khá khó khăn và có thể mất nhiều thời gian nên tôi sẽ rung chuông để mọi người biết đã đến giờ ăn!) Hopefully this will speed things up a bit. Also – for this event there’ll be a seating plan, so the guests won’t be able to decide for themselves where to sit – they’ll have to sit according to the plan. There’ll be a plan on each table (= Seating plans will be placed on each table) (Sẽ có một sơ đồ ở mỗi bàn) and I’ve been thinking about where to put the master plan so everyone can view it before they enter the restaurant. (Q19) As they’ll be spending quite a while in the lounge, I’ve decided to also put a plan there. (Vì họ sẽ dành khá nhiều thời gian trong phòng chờ, nên tôi quyết định cũng sẽ đặt một sơ đồ ở đó.) This should speed up the start of the meal.

Once the meal starts, you’ll all be very busy waiting on the tables and I’m sure I don’t need to tell you to be good-humoured and polite to all the guests. (Q20) The organiser of the event will be saying a few words and so will two of his colleagues. So when the speeches/ speakers start all activity must stop in the restaurant so that the three people giving them can be heard. (Người tổ chức sự kiện sẽ nói đôi lời và hai đồng nghiệp của anh ấy cũng vậy. Vì vậy, khi các bài phát biểu bắt đầu, mọi hoạt động trong nhà hàng phải dừng lại để mọi người có thể nghe thấy ba diễn giả). This shouldn’t take long – and it should be towards the end of the meal. After that, the guests will move back to the lounge for the entertainment. So – I think that’s it. Any questions – come and see me later.

 

Part 3

 

Questions

21 – 25

Questions 21-25 Complete the flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Chỗ trống 21: 21
pine forests
Chỗ trống 22: 22
water
Chỗ trống 23: 23
print
Chỗ trống 24: 24
sort
Chỗ trống 25: 25
remove ink

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

Alan: Hi, Melanie. What did you think of the assignment that we got today? It looks interesting, doesn’t it?

Melanie: Yes, Alan. I’ve always been interested in recycling, but there’s a lot of research to do.

Alan: Yes, there are a lot of things I’m unsure of, so it’s going to be good working with you.

Melanie: Okay. Well, why don’t we start by making a flow chart from the notes our tutor gave us?

Alan: Yes. Um, so on one side, we could have the paper production cycle here on the left and on the other side the recycling.

Melanie: Good idea. Let’s start at the top with the production. The first step in the process is to get the raw materials (lấy nguyên liệu).

Alan: (Q21) Yes and they tend to come from pine forests(Đúng vậy và chúng thường đến từ các rừng thông.)

Melanie: Okay. And then the bark is removed from the outside of the tree and after that, the wood is chopped up. That’s the 1st 3 stages.

Alan: It sounds a bit complicated. After that. (Q22) It says water is added, and then the mixture is heated and made into pulp (= heat and pulp mixture). (Thêm nước, rồi sau đó đun nóng hỗn hợp và làm thành bột giấy.) This will be the thick paste that is used to make paper.

Melanie: Yes, you’re right, because after that they use a machine to make the paper. And we can put that right in the center of the flow chart because it’s also where the recycled paper joins the process.

Alan: Yes, so once the paper has been produced in the machine, what happens then?

Melanie: (Q23) Well, I think we should write print as the next step, because this is when newspapers, magazines, etc are produced. And we could also add that they have to be distributed to stores and people’s homes. (À, tôi nghĩ rằng bước tiếp theo chúng ta nên viết báo in, bởi vì đây là lúc các tờ báo hay tạp chí,… được sản xuất. Và chúng tôi cũng có thể nói thêm được rằng chúng phải được phân phối đến các cửa hàng cũng như nhà dân.)

Alan: (Q24) Right then the recycling bit starts the old papers (= used paper) collected and then it says it’s taken somewhere so that someone or something, can sort it. (Ngày sau đó, việc tái chế bắt đầu bằng việc thu thập các tờ giấy cũ, sau đó mang chúng nên nơi phân loại.) I imagine there are different kinds of paper or things like paper clips that need to be removed.

Melanie: Yes, let’s have a step after that. Now, how did our tutor say they do this? Oh, yes, it involves chemicals. (Ồ, đúng rồi, nó liên quan đến hóa chất.) So how is your chemistry?

Alan: Well, not very good, I’m afraid. (Q25) But this is how they remove ink. (Nhưng đây là cách mà chúng tẩy mực.) So this is definitely going to need a bit of research.

Melanie: Right. Uh, the last step in the recycling section is similar to the last step in the production process, with heating and pulping before the cycle begins again.

Questions

26 – 30
 

Questions 26-30 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

What part of the assignment is Alan going to start working on? 26
Where will Melanie get more information on used paper collection? 27
What will they add to the assignment to make it more interesting? 28
What do they agree to complete by the end of the month? 29
first draft
Who will they ask to review their work? 30

Giải thích đáp án

 
 

Alan: So I think going through the process helped. Now we need to decide how we’re going to do this assignment.

Melanie: Yes. I guess what we need to do is take the processes and divide them up between us. (Q26) But we could start thinking about (= start working on) an introduction(Nhưng chúng ta có thể bắt đầu nghĩ về phần giới thiệu.)

Alan: Yes. Okay, well, I can start doing that. I think I have enough to go on already.

Melanie: Good and there are a few areas where we need a lot more information. I think I’ll start with something easy. Let’s say the paper collection. I could go to the resource center to do some research. (Giả sử bộ sưu tập giấy. Tôi có thể đến trung tâm tài nguyên để thực hiện một số nghiên cứu.) 

Alan: Well, I think a better idea would be to approach someone who’s involved in the process. What about contacting the council(Chà, tôi nghĩ rằng tốt hơn hết chúng ta nên tìm đến ai đó biết về quy trình này. Liên hệ với hội đồng thì sao nhỉ?)

Melanie: (Q27) Oh, good idea. Yes, I’ll do that (= contacting the council) instead. (Ồ, ý tưởng hay thật. Tôi sẽ làm như thế.) That bound to have some information and I know just the thing to add to our work, to make it even more interesting (= add to the assignment to make it more interesting). (tôi biết tôi cần thêm gì vào sản phẩm của chúng ta để làm cho nó thú vị hơn nữa.) 

Alan: And what’s that?

Melanie: Well, in my last assignment, I added a few pictures and the feedback I got was that this wasn’t academic enough. (Q28) So what might really bring it to life would be to include some data provided we can find some. (Vậy nên những thứ khiến nó trở nên sống động sẽ bao gồm một số dữ liệu miễn là chúng ta có thể tìm thấy chúng.)

Alan: Yes, that sounds excellent. Well, we certainly have a lot to do and not much time to do it in.

Melanie: You’re right. I think we have about five weeks. So I suggest we create a plan of work today. The end of the month is nearly three weeks away, and then we have a few days’ holiday. (Còn gần ba tuần nữa là đến cuối tháng, và sau đó chúng ta sẽ có vài ngày nghỉ.)

Alan: Yes. (Q29) So let’s see if we can get the first draft done (= complete) by then (= by the end of the month) so we can take a short break. (Đúng vậy. Hãy xem liệu chúng ta có hoàn thành bản nháp đầu tiên đến lúc đó hay không để chúng ta có thể nghỉ ngơi chút.)

Melanie: Okay, then after the break, we’ll have just over a week to complete it. I wonder if we could get someone to review our work for us a few days before the deadline (Tôi tự hỏi rằng liệu chúng ta có thể nhờ ai đó xem xét và góp ý về sản phẩm của chúng ta vài ngày trước thời hạn không) so we can make some final changes. What about your friend Henry?

Alan: Well, (Q30) the best person would be our tutor (người phù hợp nhất có lẽ là thầy phụ đạo của chúng ta). Henry’s very good, but he’s taking a whole week’s holiday and there won’t be enough time when he returns.

Melanie: Okay, then that’s fine.

Part 4

Questions

31 – 38

Questions 31-38 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HAIR Facts about hair – main purposes – warmth and 31
protection
– main component keratin – makes fingernails 32
flexible
– full head of hair can support a large weight – equal to two 33
elephants
– average number of strands of hair 34
for an adult – large amount of money spent on 35
products
for hair in the UK Structure of hair Three main parts: a) bulb – like a 36
cap
over end of hair follicle b) root – contains glands that supply 37
oil
to hair strand c) shaft – not 38
active

Giải thích đáp án

Good morning, and welcome to this lecture on hair, which is a part of the human biology course. This lecture covers a number of facts about hair, its structure, and what can affect the general health of hair.

So, first of all, what is hair and why do we have it? If we look back at our ancestors, we’ll see that they had a lot more hair on their bodies than we do now. And there are or were two main reasons (= main purposes) for having hair. (có hai lý do chính của việc có tóc.)

One is to provide warmth (Một là để giữ ấm), but as humans have warm clothes for many years, body hair has significantly reduced. (Q31) The other is for protection (Lý do còn lại là để bảo vệ), and again, this isn’t as significant as it was once. But hair does still benefit areas of the body, such as the head and around the eyes.

Now hair, whatever it is for and wherever it is on the human body is composed mainly of a protein called keratin. (Q32) This, by the way, is also found in fingernails. In fact, it’s keratin, which makes them flexible, and without it, they would be very rigid. (một chất protein gọi là keratin. Chất này cũng được tìm thấy trong móng tay. Trên thực tế, keratin giúp móng tay trở nên dẻo dai hơn, và nếu không có nó thì móng tay sẽ rất cứng.)

Another interesting fact about hair is that it is very strong, as strong as iron. In fact, one single strand can support a weight of up to 100 grams. This may not sound all that much, but (Q33) a full head of hair can support up to 12 tons, which is the equivalent of a couple of (= equal to two) elephants (cả một mái tóc dày có thể chịu được vật nặng lên đến 12 tấn, tương đương với hai con voi),  which is simply amazing, though I advise you not to put this to the test.

Humans lose up to 100 strands of hair a day, but we do have quite a lot of hair to start with. (Q34) There’s some variation, depending on hair color, but for an average adult, the strand count (= number of strands of hair) is 100,000. (Có vài sự thay đổi khác nhau tùy thuộc vào màu tóc, nhưng trung bình một người trưởng thành có 100,000 sợi tóc.) So losing 100 a day is not too bad, although this is the average, people with red hair have around 80,000 strands, black or brown hair, 100,000 and blondes have about 120,000.

So hair used to be important for the reasons I mentioned earlier. But nowadays I’d say the main importance of hair is the fact that it is big business. (Q35) Apart from the money involved in haircutting, shaving, trimming, etc. a fortune has been spent just on hair productsIn the UK alone, consumers spend over £5 billion (= large amount of money spent on) each year on these. (Ngoài số tiền cho việc cắt tóc, cạo râu, cắt tỉa,… thì rất nhiều tiền được chi trả cho các sản phẩm dành cho tóc. Chỉ riêng ở Vương quốc Anh, người tiêu dùng đã chi hơn 5 tỷ bảng Anh mỗi năm cho những thứ này.)

So next I’d like to just give you a quick overview of the structure of hair. As you can see along the length of the hair there are three main parts called the bulb, the route, and the shaft.

A single hair is fixed at one end, below the skin in the bulb. (Q36) The bulb acts rather like a cap. It encloses the end of the hair in the head. (Bầu tóc hoạt động giống như một cái nắp. Nó bao quanh phần đuôi tóc trên đầu.) 

The next part of the hair is the root (Phần tiếp theo của tóc là chân tóc), and this is the part of the hair, which lies just beneath the skin. And in terms of hair, production is the most important. (Q37) This could be considered the control center for each strand of hair and is where the glands are found. These produce oil, which flows along the length of the hair (Đây có thể coi là trung tâm điều khiển của từng sợi tóc và là nơi chứa các tuyến nhờn. Chúng tạo ra dầu bôi trơn tóc) and the health of the route determines the overall health of the strand of hair. 

(Q38) The last part is the shaft, and this is the hair, which is above the skin and is, of course, what we can see. Fortunately, this is not active(Phần cuối cùng là thân tóc, và đây là tóc, nằm phía trên da, và tất nhiên nó là những gì mà chúng ta có thể thấy. May mắn thay, chúng không phải là “phần sống”) and I say fortunately because otherwise, it would be very painful to have your hair cut.


Questions

39 – 40

Questions 39-40 Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Health and Hair Changes in diet will take longer to affect your hair than your 39
skin
. Vitamins C, D and E are all important for healthy hair and 40
are one of the best sources of Vitamin C.

Giải thích đáp án

And finally, I just like to go over a few factors that impact on the overall health of hair. Like every other part of the body, our diet – that is what we eat – is extremely important to the condition of our hair. (Q39) But whereas a change in your diet to, for example, eating unhealthy foods, will soon be noticeable in your skinchanges to your hair will take a lot longer (= take longer to affect your hair). A change in diet today could take several months to have an effect on your hair. (Nhưng khi có một sự thay đổi trong chế độ ăn uống của bạn, chẳng hạn như ăn những thực phẩm không tốt cho sức khỏe, thì bạn sẽ sớm thấy tác động của nó lên làn da trước tiên, còn những thay đổi trên mái tóc sẽ mất nhiều thời gian hơn để nhận thấy chúng. Việc thay đổi chế độ ăn uống ngày hôm nay có thể mất vài tháng để tác động lên mái tóc của bạn.)

And so what is the key to healthy hair? Well, eating a balanced diet is the most important thing. There are a number of vitamins that are vital for good hair health. The main ones being vitamins C, D, and E. And in a balanced diet, all these vitamins should be readily available. (Q40) If you need a boost of vitamin C, for example, one of the best things to eat (= one of the best sources of Vitamin C) are blueberries(Ví dụ, nếu bạn cần tăng cường vitamin C, một trong những thứ tốt nhất để ăn là việt quất.) For vitamin D, the best examples are fish, mushrooms, and eggs and for vitamin E, nuts and seeds. Right. So let’s go on to what…

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