IELTS Handbook 13 - Test 3 - R - Khóa học sinh viên Drive

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The coconut palm

For millennia, the coconut has been central to the lives of Polynesian and Asian peoples. In the western world, on the other hand, coconuts have always been exotic and unusual, sometimes rare. The Italian merchant traveller Marco Polo apparently saw coconuts in South Asia in the late 13th century, and among the mid-14th-century travel writings of Sir John Mandeville there is mention of ‘great Notes of Ynde’ (great Nuts of India). Today, images of palm-fringed tropical beaches are clichés in the west to sell holidays, chocolate bars, fizzy drinks and even romance.

Typically, we envisage coconuts as brown cannonballs that, when opened, provide sweet white flesh. But we see only part of the fruit and none of the plant from which they come. The coconut palm has a smooth, slender, grey trunk, up to 30 metres tall. This is an important source of timber for building houses, and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry. The trunk is surmounted by a rosette of leaves, each of which may be up to six metres long. The leaves have hard veins in their centres which, in many parts of the world, are used as brushes after the green part of the leaf has been stripped away. Immature coconut flowers are tightly clustered together among the leaves at the top of the trunk. The flower stems may be tapped for their sap to produce a drink, and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking.

Coconut palms produce as many as seventy fruits per year, weighing more than a kilogram each. The wall of the fruit has three layers: a waterproof outer layer, a fibrous middle layer and a hard, inner layer. The thick fibrous middle layer produces coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly important in manufacturing ropes. The woody innermost layer, the shell, with its three prominent ‘eyes’, surrounds the seed. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal, which is widely used in various industries as well as in the home as a cooking fuel. When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in many parts of Asia.

Inside the shell are the nutrients (endosperm) needed by the developing seed. Initially, the endosperm is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more rapidly and produce higher yields. As the fruit matures, the coconut water gradually solidifies to form the brilliant white, fat-rich, edible flesh or meat. Dried coconut flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely used in cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics. A derivative of coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite different sphere, as Alfred Nobel introduced the world to his nitroglycerine-based invention: dynamite.

Their biology would appear to make coconuts the great maritime voyagers and coastal colonizers of the plant world. The large, energy-rich fruits are able to float in water and tolerate salt, but cannot remain viable indefinitely; studies suggest after about 110 days at sea they are no longer able to germinate. Literally cast onto desert island shores, with little more than sand to grow in and exposed to the full glare of the tropical sun, coconut seeds are able to germinate and root. The air pocket in the seed, created as the endosperm solidifies, protects the embryo. In addition, the fibrous fruit wall that helped it to float during the voyage stores moisture that can be taken up by the roots of the coconut seedling as it starts to grow.

There have been centuries of academic debate over the origins of the coconut. There were no coconut palms in West Africa, the Caribbean or the east coast of the Americans before the voyages of the European explorers Vasco da Gama and Columbus in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. 16th century trade and human migration patterns reveal that Arab traders and European sailors are likely to have moved coconuts from South and Southeast Asia to Africa and then across the Atlantic to the east coast of America. But the origin of coconuts discovered along the west coast of America by 16th century sailors has been the subject of centuries of discussion. Two diametrically opposed origins have been proposed: that they came from Asia, or that they were native to America. Both suggestions have problems. In Asia, there is a large degree of coconut diversity and evidence of millennia of human use – but there are no relatives growing in the wild. In America, there are close coconut relatives, but no evidence that coconuts are indigenous. These problems have led to the intriguing suggestion that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there.

Questions

1 – 8

Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

THE COCONUT PALM

Trunk: – up to 30 metres + timber for houses and the making of 1

Leaves – up to 6 metres long + to make brushes Flowers – at the top of the trunk + stems provide sap, used as a drink or a source of 2

Fruits – outer layer – middle layer (coir fibres) + used for 3

, – Inner layer (shell) + a source of 4

+ (when halved) for 5

– coconut water + a drink + a source of 6

for other plants – coconut flesh + oil and milk for cooking and 7

+ glycerine (an ingredient in 8

)

Questions

9 – 13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9
Coconut seeds need shade in order to germinate.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

10
Coconuts were probably transported to Asia from America in the 16th century.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

11
Coconuts found on the west coast of America were a different type from those found on the east coast.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

12
All the coconuts found in Asia are cultivated varieties.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

13
Coconuts are cultivated in different ways in America and the Pacific.
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

The typical way of talking to a baby – high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious – is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how ‘baby talk’ impacts on learning. Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family’s native tongue.

Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain – for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infant-directed speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers – and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’ Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public. ‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. ‘Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,’ says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. ‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Université du Québec à Montréal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant’ sounds held babies’ attention nearly 40 percent longer. The baby noises also induced more reactions in the listening infants, like smiling or lip moving, which approximates sound making. The team theorizes that this attraction to other infant sounds could help launch the learning process that leads to speech. ‘It may be some property of the sound that is just drawing their attention,’ says study co-author Linda Polka. ‘Or maybe they are really interested in that particular type of sound because they are starting to focus on their own ability to make sounds. We are speculating here but it might catch their attention because they recognize it as a sound they could possibly make.’

In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’ says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

Questions

14 – 17

Look at the following ideas (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below. Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B or C. NB You may use any letter more than once.

the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them

Chọn đáp án

the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech

Chọn đáp án

the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way

Chọn đáp án

the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves

Chọn đáp án

Questions

18 – 23

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Research into how parents talk to babies

Researchers at Washington State University used 18

, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day. The study revealed that 19

tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies. According to an idea known as the 20

, they may use a more adult type of speech to prepare infants for the language they will hear outside the family home. According to the researchers, hearing baby talk from one parent and ‘normal’ language from the other expands the baby’s 21

of types of speech which they can practise. Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special 22

that the babies were equipped with. When they studies the babies again at age two, the found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23

than those who had not.

Questions

24 – 26

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Match the correct letter, A-F, with boxes 24-26.

a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.

Chọn đáp án

an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth

Chọn đáp án

a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make

Chọn đáp án

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation?

New research sheds light on the disappearance of an ancient society

The Harappan Civilisation of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago, but a thousand years later their cities were abandoned. The Harappan Civilisation was a sophisticated Bronze Age society who built ‘megacities’ and traded internationally in luxury craft products, and yet seemed to have left almost no depictions of themselves. But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were carving and painting representations of themselves all over their temples – is only part of the mystery.

‘There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilisation, but relatively little about its fall,’ explains archaeologist Dr Cameron Petrie of the University of Cambridge. ‘As populations increased, cities were built that had great baths, craft workshops, palaces and halls laid out in distinct sectors. Houses were arranged in blocks, with wide main streets and narrow alleyways, and many had their own wells and drainage systems. It was very much a “thriving” civilisation.’ Then around 2100 BC, a transformation began. Streets went uncleaned, buildings started to be abandoned, and ritual structures fell out of use. After their final demise, a millennium passed before really large-scale cities appeared once more in South Asia.

Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically affecting the water supply and agriculture; or that the cities could not cope with an increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict; and yet others that climate change caused an environmental change that affected food and water provision. ‘It is unlikely that there was a single cause for the decline of the civilisation. But the fact is, until now, we have had little solid evidence from the area for most of the key elements,’ said Petrie. ‘A lot of the archaeological debate has really only been well-argued speculation.’

A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological sites were not where they were supposed to be, completely altering understanding of the way that this region was inhabited in the past. When they carried out a survey of how the larger area was settled in relation to sources of water, they found inaccuracies in the published geographic locations of ancient settlements ranging from several hundred metres to many kilometres. They realised that any attempts to use the existing data were likely to be fundamentally flawed. Over the course of several seasons of fieldwork they carried out new surveys, finding an astonishing 198 settlement sites that were previously unknown.

Now, research published by Dr Yama Dixit and Professor David Hodell, both from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, has provided the first definitive evidence for climate change affecting the plains of north-western India, where hundreds of Harappan sites are known to have been situated. The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region. ‘As today, the major source of water into the lake is likely to have been the summer monsoon,’ says Dixit. ‘But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.’ Hodell adds: ‘We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions, which we still see today.’

It has long been thought that other great Bronze Age civilisations also declined at a similar time, with a global-scale climate event being seen as the cause. While it is possible that these local-scale processes were linked, the real archaeological interest lies in understanding the impact of these larger-scale events on different environments and different populations. ‘Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems,’ explains Singh, ‘it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab.’

Petrie and Singh’s team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time, and trying to work out whether they were grown under extreme conditions of water stress, and whether they were adjusting the combinations of crops they were growing for different weather systems. They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas. This gives us insight into the types of interactive networks that the population was involved in, and whether those changed.

Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. ‘By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.’

Questions

27 – 31

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Match the correct letter, A-H, with boxes 27-31. NB You may use any letter more than once

proposed explanations for the decline of the Harappan Civilisation

Chọn đáp án

reference to a present-day application of some archaeological research findings

Chọn đáp án

a difference between the Harappan Civilisation and another culture of the same period

Chọn đáp án

a description of some features of Harappan urban design

Chọn đáp án

reference to the discovery of errors made by previous archaeologists

Chọn đáp án

Questions

32 – 36

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

Looking at evidence of climate change

Yama Dixit and David Hodell have found the first definitive evidence of climate change affecting the plains of north-western India thousands of years ago. By collecting the 32

of snails and analysing them, they discovered evidence of a change in water levels in a 33

in the region. This occurred when there was less 34

than evaporation, and suggests that there was an extended period of drought. Petrie and Singh’s team are using archaeological records to look at 35

from five millennia ago, in order to know whether people had adapted their agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions. They are also examining objects including 36

, so as to find out about links between inhabitants of different parts of the region and whether these changed over time.

Questions

37 – 40

Complete the summary below. Look at the following statements (Questions 38-40) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D. Match the correct letter, A, B, C or D, with boxes 37-40. NB You may use any letter more than once.

Finding further information about changes to environmental conditions in the region is vital.

Chọn đáp án

Examining previous patterns of behaviour may have long-term benefits.

Chọn đáp án

Rough calculations indicate the approximate length of a period of water shortage.

Chọn đáp án

Information about the decline of the Harappan Civilisation has been lacking.

Chọn đáp án

Questions

1 – 8

Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

THE COCONUT PALM

Trunk: – up to 30 metres + timber for houses and the making of 1

Leaves – up to 6 metres long + to make brushes Flowers – at the top of the trunk + stems provide sap, used as a drink or a source of 2

Fruits – outer layer – middle layer (coir fibres) + used for 3

, – Inner layer (shell) + a source of 4

+ (when halved) for 5

– coconut water + a drink + a source of 6

for other plants – coconut flesh + oil and milk for cooking and 7

+ glycerine (an ingredient in 8

)

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 1 – furniture

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “of” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Trunk

timber for houses and the making of furniture

This is an important source of timber for building houses, and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry.

CÂU HỎI 2 – sugar

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “of” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Flowers

stems provide sap, used as a drink or a source of sugar

The flower stems may be tapped for their sap to produce a drink, and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking.

CÂU HỎI 3 – ropes

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “by” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

used for ropes

The thick fibrous middle layer produces coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly important in manufacturing ropes.

CÂU HỎI 4 – charcoal

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “of” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

a source of charcoal

An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal, which is widely used in various industries as well as in the home as a cooking fuel

CÂU HỎI 5 – bowls

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “for” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

(when halved) for bowls

When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in many parts of Asia.

CÂU HỎI 6 – hormones

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “of” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

a source of hormones for other plants

Initially, the endosperm is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more rapidly and produce higher yields.

CÂU HỎI 7 – cosmetics

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ “cooking” và giới từ “and” ⇒ có thể điền danh từ hoặc động từ V-ing

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

oil and milk for cooking and cosmetics

Dried coconut flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely used in cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics.

CÂU HỎI 8 – dynamite

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “in” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Fruits

glycerine (an ingredient in dynamite)

A derivative of coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite different sphere, as Alfred Nobel introduced the world to his nitroglycerine-based invention: dynamite.

Questions

9 – 13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9
Coconut seeds need shade in order to germinate.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 9 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “shade”, “germinate” để tìm được Paragraph 5 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Coconut seeds need shade in order to germinate.	exposed to the full glare of the tropical sun, coconut seeds are able to germinate and root.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Hạt của cây dừa cần bóng râm để có thể nảy mầm.	tiếp xúc với ánh nắng chói chang của mặt trời nhiệt đới, hạt dừa có thể nảy mầm và mọc rễ.
Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ rằng kể cả trên đảo sa mạc, dù phải tiếp xúc với ánh nắng mặt trời nhiệt đới thì hạt cây dừa vẫn có thể nảy mầm => cây không cần bóng râm để nảy mầm ⇒ nhận định đưa ra sai => FALSE

10
Coconuts were probably transported to Asia from America in the 16th century.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 10 – FALSE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Asia”, “America”, “16th century” để tìm được Paragraph 6 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Coconuts were probably transported to Asia from America in the 16th century.	16th century trade and human migration patterns reveal that Arab traders and European sailors are likely to have moved coconuts from South and Southeast Asia to Africa and then across the Atlantic to the east coast of America.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Dừa có lẽ đã được vận chuyển đến Châu Á từ Châu Mỹ vào thế kỷ 16.	Các mô hình thương mại và di cư của con người ở thế kỷ 16 cho thấy rằng các thương nhân Ả Rập và thủy thủ châu Âu có khả năng đã chuyển dừa từ Nam và Đông Nam Á đến châu Phi và sau đó qua Đại Tây Dương đến bờ biển phía đông của Mỹ.
Giải thích: Thông tin trong bài viết chỉ ra rằng dừa được vận chuyển từ Châu Á đến Mỹ, chứ không phải từ Mỹ đến Châu Á => nhận định đưa ra sai ⇒ FALSE

11
Coconuts found on the west coast of America were a different type from those found on the east coast.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 11 – NOT GIVEN Chú ý tới từ khóa “west coast”, “east coast”, “different type” để tìm được Paragraph 6 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Coconuts found on the west coast of America were a different type from those found on the east coast.	But the origin of coconuts discovered along the west coast of America by 16th century sailors has been the subject of centuries of discussion. Two diametrically opposed origins have been proposed: that they came from Asia, or that they were native to America.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Dừa được tìm thấy ở bờ biển phía tây nước Mỹ là một loại khác với những quả dừa được tìm thấy ở bờ biển phía đông.	Nhưng nguồn gốc của dừa được phát hiện dọc theo bờ biển phía tây nước Mỹ bởi các thủy thủ thế kỷ 16 đã là chủ đề tranh luận trong hàng thế kỷ. Hai nguồn gốc hoàn toàn trái ngược nhau đã được đề xuất: chúng đến từ châu Á, hoặc chúng có nguồn gốc từ châu Mỹ.
Giải thích: Trong bài, nguồn gốc của dừa ở bờ biển phía Tây là đối tượng gây tranh cãi, người ta cho rằng có 2 nơi khác nhau có thể là nguồn gốc của chúng, còn lại thì không có dữ liệu liên quan đến việc dừa ở bờ biển phía tây và phía đông có giống/khác nhau không => không có đủ dữ liệu kết luận nhận định ⇒ NOT GIVEN

12
All the coconuts found in Asia are cultivated varieties.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 12 – TRUE Chú ý tới từ khóa “Asia”, “cultivated” để tìm được Paragraph 6 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
All the coconuts found in Asia are cultivated varieties.	In Asia, there is a large degree of coconut diversity and evidence of millennia of human use – but there are no relatives growing in the wild.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Tất cả các loại dừa được tìm thấy ở Châu Á đều là giống dừa được trồng.	Ở châu Á, có một độ đa dạng dừa lớn và bằng chứng về hàng thiên niên kỷ sử dụng của con người – nhưng không có loại dừa nào mọc trong tự nhiên.
Giải thích: Bài viết có nhắc đến việc tất cả dừa ở châu Á đều không phải là mọc trong tự nhiên => phải là dừa được trồng ⇒ nhận định đưa ra đúng => TRUE

13
Coconuts are cultivated in different ways in America and the Pacific.
Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này
A
True
B
False
C
Not Given

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 13 – NOT GIVEN Chú ý tới từ khóa “America”, “the Pacific”, “cultivated” để tìm được Paragraph 6 chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Coconuts are cultivated in different ways in America and the Pacific.	In America, there are close coconut relatives, but no evidence that coconuts are indigenous. These problems have led to the intriguing suggestion that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there.
DỊCH NGHĨA
Dừa được trồng theo nhiều cách khác nhau ở Mỹ và Thái Bình Dương.	Ở Mỹ, có những cây họ hàng gần với dừa, nhưng không có bằng chứng nào cho thấy dừa là cây bản địa. Những vấn đề này đã dẫn đến một quan điểm thú vị rằng dừa có nguồn gốc từ các đảo san hô ở Thái Bình Dương và được phân tán từ đó.
Giải thích: Bài viết không đưa ra thông tin gì về cách trồng trọt dừa ở Mỹ và Thái Bình Dương => không thể đưa ra so sánh có khác nhau hay không => không thể kết luận nhận định là đúng hay sai ⇒ NOT GIVEN

Questions

14 – 17

Look at the following ideas (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below. Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B or C. NB You may use any letter more than once.

the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

C. Patricia Kuhl

the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

A. Mark VanDam

the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 14 – B Chú ý tới từ khóa “individual attention” để tìm được Paragraph D chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them A. Mark VanDam B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds.
DỊCH NGHĨA
tầm quan trọng của việc người lớn hướng sự chú ý cá nhân đến em bé khi trò chuyện với chúng A. Mark VanDam B. Nairan Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	Nairán Ramirez-Esparza của Đại học Connecticut cho biết. Cô ấy nói thêm: “Chúng tôi cũng nhận thấy rằng việc bạn có thật sự trò chuyện riêng với trẻ không là điều rất quan trọng.

CÂU HỎI 15 – C Chú ý tới từ khóa “connection”, “efforts to create speech” để tìm được Paragraph F chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech A. Mark VanDam B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills… says co-author Patricia Kuhl.
DỊCH NGHĨA
mối liên hệ giữa những gì em bé nghe được và nỗ lực của chính chúng để tạo ra lời nói A. Mark VanDam B. Nairan Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	Kết quả cho thấy rằng việc nghe những lời nói dành cho trẻ nhỏ sẽ thúc đẩy não bộ của trẻ để chúng bắt đầu thực hành các kỹ năng ngôn ngữ của mình… đồng tác giả Patricia Kuhl cho biết.

CÂU HỎI 16 – A Chú ý tới từ khóa “parents”, “different way” để tìm được Paragraph C chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way A. Mark VanDam B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.
DỊCH NGHĨA
lợi ích đối với em bé khi có cha mẹ mỗi người nói một cách khác nhau A. Mark VanDam B. Nairan Ramirez-Esparza C. Patricia Kuhl	VanDam nói: “Ý tưởng là một đứa trẻ sẽ được thực hành một kiểu nói nhất định với mẹ và một kiểu nói khác với bố, vì vậy đứa trẻ sau đó sẽ có nhiều loại lời nói hơn để luyện tập.”

CÂU HỎI 17 – B

Chú ý tới từ khóa “connection” “amount of baby talk” “vocalising themselves” để tìm được Paragraph D chứa câu trả lời.

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves

A. Mark VanDam

B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

C. Patricia Kuhl

Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut…

‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

DỊCH NGHĨA

mối liên hệ giữa lượng lời nói dành cho trẻ nhỏ mà trẻ nghe được và việc trẻ tự nói được bao nhiêu

A. Mark VanDam

B. Nairan Ramirez-Esparza

C. Patricia Kuhl

Nairán Ramirez-Esparza của Đại học Connecticut…

Cha mẹ càng trò chuyện riêng nhiều với trẻ thì trẻ càng bập bẹ nhiều hơn, và càng bập bẹ nhiều thì trẻ càng tạo ra nhiều từ hơn sau này trong cuộc sống.

Questions

18 – 23

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Research into how parents talk to babies

Researchers at Washington State University used 18

, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day. The study revealed that 19

tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies. According to an idea known as the 20

that the babies were equipped with. When they studies the babies again at age two, the found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23

than those who had not.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 18 – recording devices

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ “used”, ta có cấu trúc “use something” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Researchers at Washington State University used recording devices, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day.

Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day

CÂU HỎI 19 – dads

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng trước động từ “tended” để làm chủ ngữ ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

The study revealed that dads tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies.

Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids

CÂU HỎI 20 – bridge hypothesis

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “the” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

According to an idea known as the bridge hypothesis, they may use a more adult type of speech to prepare infants for the language they will hear outside the family home.

Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public

CÂU HỎI 21 – repertoire

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau sở hữu cách “baby’s” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

According to the researchers, hearing baby talk from one parent and ‘normal’ language from the other expands the baby’s repertoire of types of speech which they can practice.

The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice’, says VanDam

CÂU HỎI 22 – (audio-recording) vests

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau tính từ “special” và được tính từ này bổ nghĩa ⇒ có thể điền danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special (audio-recording) vests that the babies were equipped with.

CÂU HỎI 23 – vocabulary

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau tính từ so sánh hơn “larger” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

When they studied the babies again at age two, they found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger vocabulary than those who had not.

And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Questions

24 – 26

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Match the correct letter, A-F, with boxes 24-26.

a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph F

an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph A

a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph E

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 24 – PARAGRAPH F Chú ý tới từ khóa “babies’ brain activity” để tìm được Paragraph F chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months… The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills
DỊCH NGHĨA
đề cập đến sự thay đổi xảy ra trong hoạt động não bộ của trẻ sơ sinh trước khi kết thúc năm đầu tiên	Theo nghiên cứu của Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Quốc gia, có tổng cộng 57 trẻ sơ sinh từ hai nhóm tuổi hơi khác nhau – bảy tháng tuổi và 11 tháng rưỡi… Trẻ sơ sinh được đưa vào trong một máy quét kích hoạt não mà hi lại những hoạt động của não bộ để hướng dẫn các phản ứng chuyển động tạo ra lời nói. Kết quả cho thấy rằng việc trẻ nghe baby talk (lời nói dành cho trẻ em) sẽ thúc đẩy não trẻ bắt đầu thực hành các kỹ năng ngôn ngữ của chúng.

CÂU HỎI 25 – PARAGRAPH A Chú ý tới từ khóa “baby’s benefit”, “before birth” để tìm được Paragraph A chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth	Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies.
DỊCH NGHĨA
một ví dụ về những gì một số cha mẹ làm vì lợi ích của em bé trước khi sinh	Hầu hết trẻ sơ sinh bắt đầu phát triển thính giác khi còn trong bụng mẹ, khiến một số bậc cha mẹ có kỳ vọng đã bật nhạc cổ điển cho thai nhi của mình.

CÂU HỎI 26 – PARAGRAPH E Chú ý tới từ khóa “babies’ preference” để tìm được Paragraph E chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make	babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents.
DỊCH NGHĨA
nhắc đến sự yêu thích của em bé đối với âm thanh mà những em bé khác tạo ra	trẻ sơ sinh dường như thích lắng nghe nhau hơn là lắng nghe người lớn – đó có thể là lý do tại sao việc nói chuyện như trẻ nhỏ là một cách phổ biến đối với các bậc cha mẹ.

Questions

27 – 31

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Match the correct letter, A-H, with boxes 27-31. NB You may use any letter more than once

proposed explanations for the decline of the Harappan Civilisation

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph C

reference to a present-day application of some archaeological research findings

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph H

a difference between the Harappan Civilisation and another culture of the same period

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph A

a description of some features of Harappan urban design

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph B

reference to the discovery of errors made by previous archaeologists

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

Paragraph D

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 27 – PARAGRAPH C Chú ý tới từ khóa “decline”, “Harappan Civilisation” để tìm được Paragraph C chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
proposed explanations for the decline of the Harappan Civilisation	It is unlikely that there was a single cause for the decline of the civilisation.
DỊCH NGHĨA
giải thích đề xuất cho sự suy tàn của nền văn minh Harappan	Không chắc rằng có một nguyên nhân duy nhất cho sự suy tàn của nền văn minh.

CÂU HỎI 28 – PARAGRAPH H Chú ý tới từ khóa “archaeological research findings” để tìm được Paragraph H chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
reference to a present-day application of some archaeological research findings	Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public
DỊCH NGHĨA
đề cập đến một ứng dụng ngày nay của một số kết quả nghiên cứu khảo cổ học	Petrie tin rằng các nhà khảo cổ học đang ở một vị trí đặc biệt để điều tra cách thức các xã hội trong quá khứ phản ứng với sự thay đổi môi trường và khí hậu. Bằng cách điều tra các phản ứng đối với áp lực và các mối đe dọa môi trường, chúng ta có thể học hỏi từ quá khứ để tương tác với công chúng

CÂU HỎI 29 – PARAGRAPH A Chú ý tới từ khóa “difference”, “Harappan Civilisation” để tìm được Paragraph A chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
a difference between the Harappan Civilisation and another culture of the same period	The Harappan Civilisation of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago… But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were carving and painting representations of themselves all over their temples – is only part of the mystery.
DỊCH NGHĨA
sự khác biệt giữa nền văn minh Harappan và một nền văn hóa khác cùng thời kỳ	Nền văn minh Harappan của Pakistan và Ấn Độ cổ đại đã phát triển rực rỡ cách đây 5.000 năm… Nhưng sự thiếu hình ảnh cá nhân của họ – vào thời điểm mà người Ai Cập đang khắc và vẽ những hình tượng trưng cho chính mình trên khắp các ngôi đền của họ – chỉ là một phần của sự bí ẩn.

CÂU HỎI 30 – PARAGRAPH B Chú ý tới từ khóa “Harappan urban design” để tìm được Paragraph B chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
a description of some features of Harappan urban design	‘As populations increased, cities were built that had great baths, craft workshops, palaces and halls laid out in distinct sectors. Houses were arranged in blocks, with wide main streets and narrow alleyways, and many had their own wells and drainage systems.
DỊCH NGHĨA
mô tả một số đặc điểm của thiết kế đô thị Harappan	‘Khi dân số tăng lên, các thành phố được xây dựng với những phòng tắm tuyệt vời, xưởng thủ công, cung điện và hội trường được bố trí trong các khu vực riêng biệt. Các ngôi nhà được bố trí thành từng dãy phố, có đường chính rộng và ngõ hẹp, nhiều nhà có giếng và hệ thống thoát nước riêng.

CÂU HỎI 31 – PARAGRAPH D Chú ý tới từ khóa “discovery”, “errors”, “archaeologists” để tìm được Paragraph D chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
reference to the discovery of errors made by previous archaeologists	A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological sites were not where they were supposed to be
DỊCH NGHĨA
đề cập đến việc phát hiện ra lỗi của các nhà khảo cổ học trước đó	Một nhóm nghiên cứu do Petrie dẫn đầu, cùng với Tiến sĩ Ravindanath Singh của Đại học Banaras Hindu ở Ấn Độ, trong các cuộc điều tra của họ đã sớm phát hiện ra rằng nhiều địa điểm khảo cổ không ở đúng vị trí của chúng

Questions

32 – 36

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

Looking at evidence of climate change

Yama Dixit and David Hodell have found the first definitive evidence of climate change affecting the plains of north-western India thousands of years ago. By collecting the 32

of snails and analysing them, they discovered evidence of a change in water levels in a 33

in the region. This occurred when there was less 34

than evaporation, and suggests that there was an extended period of drought.Petrie and Singh’s team are using archaeological records to look at 35

from five millennia ago, in order to know whether people had adapted their agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions. They are also examining objects including 36

, so as to find out about links between inhabitants of different parts of the region and whether these changed over time.

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 32 – shells

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “the” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

By collecting the shells of snails and analysing them

The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region.

CÂU HỎI 33 – lake

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau mạo từ “a” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

they discovered evidence of a change in water levels in a lake in the region

But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.’

CÂU HỎI 34 – rainfall

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau chủ ngữ là “there” và được tính từ “less” bổ nghĩa ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

This occurred when there was less rainfall than evaporation, and suggests that there was an extended period of drought.

there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.’

CÂU HỎI 35 – grains

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau giới từ “at”, trước giới từ “from” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

Petrie and Singh’s team are using archaeological records to look at grains from five millennia ago, in order to know whether people had adapted their agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions.

CÂU HỎI 36 – pottery

Chỗ trống cần điền đứng sau động từ “including” ⇒ cần điền danh từ

CÂU HỎI

VÙNG THÔNG TIN

They are also examining objects including pottery, so as to find out about links between inhabitants of different parts of the region and whether these changed over time.

They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas.

Questions

37 – 40

Complete the summary below. Look at the following statements (Questions 38-40) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D. Match the correct letter, A, B, C or D, with boxes 37-40. NB You may use any letter more than once.

Finding further information about changes to environmental conditions in the region is vital.

Bạn chưa trả lời câu hỏi này

B. Ravindanath Singh

Examining previous patterns of behaviour may have long-term benefits.

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A. Cameron Petrie

Rough calculations indicate the approximate length of a period of water shortage.

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D. David Hodell

Information about the decline of the Harappan Civilisation has been lacking.

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A. Cameron Petrie

Giải thích đáp án

CÂU HỎI 37 – B Chú ý tới từ khóa “further information”, “environmental conditions” để tìm được Paragraph F chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Finding further information about changes to environmental conditions in the region is vital. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	explains Singh, ‘it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab.’
DỊCH NGHĨA
Tìm thêm thông tin về những thay đổi đối với điều kiện môi trường trong khu vực là rất quan trọng. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Singh giải thích, ‘việc chúng tôi thu thập thêm dữ liệu khí hậu từ các khu vực gần hai thành phố lớn ở Mohenjo Daro và Harappa và cả từ Punjab của Ấn Độ là điều thật sự cần thiết.’

CÂU HỎI 38 – A Chú ý tới từ khóa “previous patterns” để tìm được Paragraph H chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Examining previous patterns of behaviour may have long-term benefits. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. ‘By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.’
DỊCH NGHĨA
Xem xét các mô hình trong quá khứ có thể mang lại lợi ích lâu dài. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Petrie tin rằng các nhà khảo cổ học đang ở một vị trí đặc biệt để điều tra cách thức các xã hội trong quá khứ phản ứng với sự thay đổi môi trường và khí hậu. ‘Bằng cách điều tra các phản ứng đối với các áp lực và mối đe dọa môi trường, chúng ta có thể học hỏi từ quá khứ để thu hút sự tham gia của công chúng, các cơ quan chính phủ và hành chính có liên quan, để chủ động hơn trong các vấn đề như quản lý và điều hành nguồn cung cấp nước, cân bằng đô thị và phát triển nông thôn, và tầm quan trọng của việc bảo tồn di sản văn hóa trong tương lai.’

CÂU HỎI 39 – D Chú ý tới từ khóa “water shortage” để tìm được Paragraph E chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Rough calculations indicate the approximate length of a period of water shortage. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Hodell adds: ‘We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions, which we still see today.’
DỊCH NGHĨA
Tính toán sơ bộ chỉ ra khoảng thời gian của thời kỳ thiếu nước. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Hodell cho biết thêm: ‘Chúng tôi ước tính rằng sự suy yếu của khí hậu gió mùa mùa hè ở Ấn Độ kéo dài khoảng 200 năm trước khi phục hồi trở lại các điều kiện trước đây mà chúng ta vẫn thấy ngày nay.’

CÂU HỎI 40 – A Chú ý tới từ khóa “decline of the Harappan Civilisation” để tìm được Paragraph B chứa câu trả lời.
CÂU HỎI	VÙNG THÔNG TIN
Information about the decline of the Harappan Civilisation has been lacking. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilisation, but relatively little about its fall explains archaeologist Dr Cameron Petrie
DỊCH NGHĨA
Thông tin về sự suy tàn của nền văn minh Harappan vẫn còn đang thiếu sót. A Cameron Petrie B Ravindanath Singh C Yama Dixit D David Hodell	Nhà khảo cổ học, tiến sĩ Cameron Petrie giải thích rằng có rất nhiều bằng chứng khảo cổ cho chúng ta biết về sự phát triển của nền văn minh Harappan, nhưng có tương đối ít bằng chứng về sự sụp đổ của nó.

IELTS Handbook 13 – Test 3 – R