Practice Set 10 Test 3 (C10T3) | The Context, Meaning And Scope Of Tourism

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism

A

Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often investmentcivilisationsleadingtraversingvượt qua, đi qua great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally primitiveaccounting forcompellingrapidhấp dẫn, thuyết phục motivations. In the Roman era, giàu có aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital roletradecoursesignificantlyđóng vai trò quan trọng in the development of civilisations and their economies.

B

Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century profoundcoursephenomenonunderestimatedhiện tượng. Historians suggest that the reliablecoursetradeadventsự ra đời of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the segmentssubsequentdiversityfacilitiestheo sau, xảy ra sau development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the domesticconcernoverlookedprofoundmối quan tâm of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.

C

Tourism today has grown overlookedsignificantlyaccounting formigrationđáng kể in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest phân khúc of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on Hầu như, gần như any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions. In 1992 ‘the industry’s educativemeansgrossrapidtoàn bộ, tổng output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer the almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s overlookedcoursemigrationleadingchủ đạo, quan trọng industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion m direct indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profoundoutputmass tourismexpansionsâu sắc, hoàn toàn impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.

D

However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or expansionmass tourismobscuredentitylàm cho không rõ ràng, che lấp, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and incomefacilitiesrapiddiversityphương tiện; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be educativeoverlookedcoursein search ofbỏ qua or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or đáng tin tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.

E

Once the migrationexclusivemotivationscommodityđặc thù province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest availabilitycommoditymotivationsprimitivemặt hàng, hàng hóa in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of ariseincomeentityeducativethu nhập in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties in search ofprimitivecontributionarisenảy sinh, xảy ra when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.