Practice Set 11 Test 2 (C11T2) | Raising The Mary Rose

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Raising the Mary Rose

How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed

On 19 July 1545, English and French marinefeasiblein conjunction withfleetshạm đội were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vesselserodedminimisedoutdatedchiến hạm was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. initiateddegradationAccountsnamelylời giải thích, lời tường thuật of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is protrudingundisputedintactdegradationKhông thể nghi ngờ, không cãi được, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed.

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and minimisedmishandledmechanicalattachedthuộc máy móc degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived attacheddelicateobstructionintactcòn nguyên vẹn. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which namelypreciseminimisedartefactsgiảm thiểu further erosion.

Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater structurefeasibleorganismsobstructionvật cản trở, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another artefactsdelicatesunkenundisciplinedchìm, đắm ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber nhô ra, lồi ra slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittentlymarineoutdatedundisciplinedkhông liên tiếp, ngắt quãng until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds.

The Mary Rose then erodeddegradationfaded into obscurityhousedrơi vào quên lãng for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, erodedin conjunction withframeworksalvagehợp tác với the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known erodeddegradationwrecksframeworkxác tàu chìm; tàu chìm in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgerton’s side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose.

Further precisenamelyexcavationsentirecuộc khai quật revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also varystructureoutdatedhousedchứa đựng, cất giữ a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to engaged insalvagenamelystructuretrục vớt the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all turned outfeasibleartefactsengaged inkhả thi, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.

An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: attachedmarinestructurenamelyấy là to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was archaeologicalovercomeorganismsattachedgắn với to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was archaeologicalmarinestructureovercomekhắc phục by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required erodedarchaeologicalpreciseundisciplinedchính xác positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull’s turned outdegradationengaged indelicatemỏng manh, dễ bị hỏng timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entiremarineoutdatedartefactstoàn bộ, tất cả structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth.