Practice Set 16 Test 1 (C16T1) | The Future Of Work

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, corresponding to Reading Passage 3 given below

The future of work

According to a leading business consultancy, 3—14% of the global lực lượng lao động will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10—15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines. sự tự động hóa — or ‘embodied artificial intelligence (AI) — is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labour market. ‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another.

Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production — the so-called knowledge economy. Algorithms are capable of learning from data to instincttrustworthyobjectiveundertakeđảm nhiệm tasks that previously needed human judgement, such as reading legal contracts, analysing medical scans and gathering market intelligence.

‘In many cases, they can làm tốt hơn humans,’ says Pachidi. ‘Organisations are attracted to using algorithms because they want to make choices based on what they consider is “perfect information”, as well as to reduce costs and enhance productivity.’

‘But these enhancements are not without consequences,’ says Pachidi. ‘If routine short-sightedretrainingboldcognitiveliên quan đến nhận thức tasks are taken over by AI, how do professions develop their future experts?’ she asks. ‘One way of learning about a job is “individualslegitimateboldboundarieshợp pháp/chính đáng peripheral participation”— a novice stands next to experts and learns by observation. If this isn’t happening, then you need to find new ways to learn.’

Another issue is the extent to which the technology influences or even controls the workforce. For over two years, Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company. ‘The way telecoms salespeople work is through personal and frequent contact with clients, using the benefit of experience to assess a situation and reach a decision. However, the company had started using a[n] … algorithm that tackledefinedadventdilemmasxác định when account managers should contact certain customers about which kinds of campaigns and what to offer them.’

The algorithm — usually built by externalobjectivescenariosthrivingphía bên ngoài designers — often becomes the keeper of knowledge, she explains. In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a adventnoviceshort-sightedconsultancythiển cận view begins to creep into working practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions. Alternative explorations — where experimentation and human avoidpromisesperipheralinstinctbản năng lead to progress and new ideas — are effectively discouraged.

Pachidi and colleagues even observed people developing strategies to make the algorithm work to their own advantage. ‘We are seeing eases where workers feed the algorithm with false data to reach their targets,’ she reports.

It’s scenariosretrainingcorporateoccupationsviễn cảnh like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objectiveoccupationpublisheddilemmasmục tiêu is to make AI technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made. In the meantime, says Pachidi, ‘We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding redundanciesoccupationexpertisetrajectorychuyên môn, occupational boundaries and control.’

Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the future of work will involve major boldtransitionscapitalredeploymentsự chuyển đổi across the whole life course for everyone: ‘The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,’ says Low. Instead, he envisages a pensioned retirementmultistageconsultancyleadingnhiều giai đoạn employment life: one where retraining happens across the life course, and where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages.

On the subject of job losses, Low believes the predictions are founded on a noviceleadingfallacyenforcesự ngụy biện: ‘It assumes that the number of jobs is fixed. If in 30 years, half of 100 jobs are being carried outadventoccupationcreep intothực hiện by robots, that doesn’t mean we are left with just 50 jobs for humans. The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be 150 jobs.’

Dr Ewan McGaughey, at Cambridge’s Centre for Business Research and King’s College London, agrees that ‘apocalyptic’ views about the future of work are boundariesthrivingmisguidedleadingbị lừa dối, bị dắt mũi. ‘It’s the laws that restrict the sự cung cấp of capital to the job market, not the advent of new technologies that causes unemployment.’

His recently consultancytransparentpublishedoccupationxuất bản research answers the question of whether automation, AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking at the causes of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can mean redundancies. But social policies can tackleleadingsubsistenceboldxử lý this through retraining and redeployment.’

He adds: ‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d like to see governments seizingboundariesoccupationalenvisagesnắm lấy, nắm bắt the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security. We can “reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure.’ McGaughey’s findings are a call to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with occupationbolddilemmastrajectorytáo bạo new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic democracy.

‘The boundariespromisesoccupationssubsistencesự hứa hẹn of these new technologies are astounding. They deliver humankind the capacity to live in a way that nobody could have once imagined,’ he adds. ‘Just as the industrial revolution brought people past subsistenceoccupationalredeploymentretrainingmức đủ sống agriculture, and the corporate revolution enabled mass production, a third revolution has been pronounced. But it will not only be one of technology. The next revolution will be social.’